Principles of Information

Systems
Eighth Edition

Chapter 4
Software: Systems and Application
Software
 Principles and Learning Objectives
• Systems and application software are critical in
helping individuals and organizations achieve their
goals
– Identify and briefly describe the functions of the two
basic kinds of software
– Outline the role of the operating system and identify
the features of several popular operating systems

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 2

 Principles and Learning Objectives
(continued)
• Do not develop proprietary application software
unless doing so will meet a compelling business
need that can provide a competitive advantage
– Discuss how application software can support
personal, workgroup, and enterprise business
objectives
– Identify three basic approaches to developing
application software and discuss the pros and cons
of each

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 3

 Principles and Learning Objectives
(continued)
• Choose a programming language whose functional
characteristics are appropriate for the task at hand,
considering the skills and experience of the
programming staff
– Outline the overall evolution and importance of
programming languages and clearly differentiate
among the generations of programming languages

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 4

 Principles and Learning Objectives
(continued)
• The software industry continues to undergo
constant change; users need to be aware of recent
trends and issues to be effective in their business
and personal life
– Identify several key software issues and trends that
have an impact on organizations and individuals

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 5

 Why Learn About Software?
• Software is indispensable for any computer system
• Systems software needed for input, calculations,
and output
• Application software aids in productivity
• Personal tasks using software
– Income tax preparation
– Keeping a budget
– Internet research
– Games

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 An Overview of Software

• Computer programs: sequences of

instructions for the computer
• Documentation: describes program functions

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 Systems Software
• Systems software: coordinates the activities and
functions of hardware and programs.
• Computer system platform: combination of a
hardware configuration and systems software

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 Application Software
• Application software: helps users solve particular
problems
• In most cases, application software resides on the
computer’s hard disk
• Application software can also be stored on CDs,
DVDs, and flash or keychain storage devices

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 9

 Supporting Individual, Group, and
Organizational Goals
• Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and
opportunities addressed by a particular organization
• For most companies, the spheres of influence are
personal, workgroup, and enterprise

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 Supporting Individual, Group, and
Organizational Goals (continued)

Table 4.1: Software Supporting Individuals, Workgroups, and Enterprises

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 Installing and Removing Software for
PCs
• Before you can use software, it must be installed
on a computer
• Software for personal computers typically comes
on CDs or is downloaded from the Web
• Most operating systems have an add/remove
program feature for removing software
– Does not work with all software
– Does not always remove all elements of the software

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 Systems Software
• Systems software
– Controls operations of computer hardware
– Supports application programs’ problem-solving
capabilities
• Types of systems software
– Operating systems
– Utility programs
– Middleware

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 Operating Systems

• Operating system (OS): set of programs that

controls the computer hardware and acts as an
interface with application programs
• Kernel: ties all components of the OS together and
regulates other programs

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 Operating Systems (continued)
• Combinations of OSs, computers, and users
– Single computer with a single user
– Single computer with multiple users
– Multiple computers
– Special-purpose computers

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 Operating Systems (continued)
• Activities performed by the operating system
– Perform common computer hardware functions
– Provide a user interface and input/output
management
– Provide a degree of hardware independence
– Manage system memory

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 Operating Systems (continued)
• Activities performed by the operating system
(continued)
– Manage processing tasks
– Provide networking capability
– Control access to system resources
– Manage files

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 17

 Operating Systems (continued)

Figure 4.4: The Role of Systems Software

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 Operating Systems (continued)
• Common hardware functions
– Get input from keyboard or some other input device
– Retrieve data from disks
– Store data on disks
– Display information on a monitor or printer

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 Operating Systems (continued)
• User interface and input/output management
– User interface: allows individuals to access and
command the computer system
– Command-based user interface(CUI): requires
that text commands be given to the computer to
perform basic activities
– Graphical user interface (GUI): uses icons and
menus displayed on screen to send commands to
the computer system

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 20

 Operating Systems (continued)
• Hardware independence
– Application program interface (API): allows
applications to make use of the operating system
• Memory management
– Control how memory is accessed and maximize
available memory and storage

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 Operating Systems (continued)

Figure 4.6: Application Program Interface Links Application Software to

the Operating System

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 22

 Operating Systems (continued)
• Processing tasks
– Multitasking: more than one program can run at the
same time
– Time-sharing: allows more than one person to use
a computer system at the same time
– Scalability: ability of the computer to handle an
increasing number of concurrent users smoothly
• Networking capability
– Features and capabilities of the OS that aid users in
connecting to a computer network

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 23

 Operating Systems (continued)
• Access to system resources and security
– Protection against unauthorized access
– Logins and passwords
• File management
– Ensures that files in secondary storage are available
when needed and that they are protected from
access by unauthorized users

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 24

 Current Operating Systems

Table 4.2: Popular Operating Systems Cross All Three Spheres of Influence
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 25
 Current Operating Systems
(continued)
• Microsoft PC operating systems
– PC-DOS and MS-DOS: early, command-driven OSs
– Windows XP: greatly improved stability and security
over previous versions of Windows
– Windows XP N: for European market
– Windows XP Professional X64: for computers with
newer 64-bit capabilities
– Windows XP Media Center Edition: incorporates
additional multimedia features
– Vista: latest version of Windows

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 26

 Current Operating Systems
(continued)
• Apple operating systems
– Often provide cutting edge tools in graphics and
music not available from Microsoft
– Mac OS X
• Jaguar (OS X.2)
• Panther (OS X.3)
• Tiger (OS X.4): support for 64-bit computing,
Dashboard, Spotlight, etc.

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 27

 Current Operating Systems
(continued)
• Linux
– Developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991
– Open-source product
– Only the kernel of an OS
– Several distributions available with
capabilities/applications that form a complete OS
• Examples: Red Hat Linux, Caldera OpenLinux

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 Workgroup Operating Systems
• Windows Server
• UNIX
• NetWare
• Red Hat Linux
• Mac OS X Server

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 Enterprise Operating Systems
• z/OS
• MPE/iX
• HP-UX
• Linux

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 Operating Systems for Small
Computers, Embedded Computers,
and Special-Purpose Devices
• Palm OS
• Windows Embedded
• Windows Mobile

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 Utility Programs
• Hardware utilities
• Virus-detection and recovery utilities
• File-compression utilities
• Spam and pop-up blocker utilities

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 Utility Programs (continued)
• Network and Internet utilities
• Server and mainframe utilities
• Other utilities
– Manages and protects corporate documents
– Helps people with visual disabilities use the Internet
– Monitors employees
– Searches for files and documents

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 Middleware
• Middleware: software that allows different systems
to communicate and exchange data
• Middleware can also be used as an interface
between the Internet and older legacy systems

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 Application Software
• Primary function is to apply the power of the
computer to give individuals, workgroups, and the
entire enterprise the ability to solve problems and
perform specific tasks
• Application programs interact with systems
software; systems software then directs computer
hardware to perform the necessary tasks

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 35

 Overview of Application Software
• Proprietary software: one-of-a-kind program for a
specific application, usually developed and owned
by a single company
• Off-the-shelf software: existing software program
that is purchased

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 36

 Overview of Application Software
(continued)

Figure 4.13: Types of Application Software

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 Overview of Application Software
(continued)

Table 4.4: A Comparison of Proprietary and Off-the-Shelf Software

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 38

 Overview of Application Software
(continued)

Table 4.4: A Comparison of Proprietary and Off-the-Shelf Software

(continued)
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 39
 Personal Application Software
• Serves the needs of an individual user
• Includes personal productivity software
– Enables users to improve their personal
effectiveness

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 Personal Application Software
(continued)

Table 4.5: Examples of Personal Productivity Software

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 Personal Application Software
(continued)

Table 4.5: Examples of Personal Productivity Software (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 42
 Personal Application Software
(continued)
• Software suite: collection of single application
programs packaged in a bundle
– Microsoft Office: most popular general-purpose
software suite
– Other general-purpose software suites: Corel’s
WordPerfect Office, Lotus SmartSuite, Sun
Microsystems’s StarOffice
• Integrated application packages: offer a range of
capabilities for less money than software suites
– Example: Microsoft Works

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 43

 Personal Application Software
(continued)

Table 4.6: Major Components of Leading Software Suites

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 44

 Workgroup Application Software

• Workgroup application software: support

teamwork, whether people are in the same location
or dispersed around the world
• Groupware: software that helps groups of people
work together more efficiently and effectively

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 45

 Workgroup Application Software
(continued)

Table 4.7: Ernst & Young’s “Three Cs” Rule for Groupware

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 46

 Enterprise Application Software
• Software that benefits an entire organization
• Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software:
set of integrated programs that manage a
company’s vital business operations for an entire
multisite, global organization

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 47

 Enterprise Application Software
(continued)

Table 4.8: Examples of Enterprise Application Software

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 Application Software for Information,
Decision Support, and Specialized
Purposes
• Specialized application software for information,
decision support, and other purposes is available in
every industry
• Examples
– Genetic researchers use software to visualize and
analyze the human genome
– Music executives use decision support software to
help pick the next hit
– Decision support software is used to increase the
cure rate for cancer
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 Programming Languages

• Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules

for constructing statements by which humans can
communicate instructions to be executed by a
computer
• Different languages have different characteristics
• Syntax: a set of rules associated with a
programming language

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 The Evolution of Programming
Languages

Table 4.9: The Evolution of Programming Languages

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 51

 The Evolution of Programming
Languages (continued)
• Visual, object-oriented, and artificial intelligence
languages are easier for nonprogrammers to use
than older generation languages
• Visual languages use a graphical or visual interface
for program development
• Object-oriented programming languages are based
on objects
• Compiler: a special software program that
converts programmer’s source code into machine-
language instructions consisting of binary digits

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 52

 The Evolution of Programming
Languages (continued)

Figure 4.21: Reusable Code in Object-Oriented Programming

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 The Evolution of Programming
Languages (continued)

Figure 4.23: How a Compiler Works

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 Software Issues and Trends
• Because software is such an important part of
today’s computer systems, software issues have
received increased attention
• Major software issues and trends discussed in the
text
– Software bugs, copyright, software licensing, open-
source software, shareware and public domain
software, multiorganizational software development,
software upgrades, and global software support

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 Software Bugs
• Software bug: defect in a computer program that
keeps it from performing as it is designed to
perform
• Tips for reducing impact of software bugs
– Register all software so that you can receive bug
alerts, fixes, and patches
– Check the manual or read-me files for work-arounds
– Access support area of the manufacturer’s Web site
for patches
– Install the latest software updates

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 Copyrights and Licenses
• Most software products are protected by law using
copyright or licensing provisions
– In some cases, you are given unlimited use of
software on one or two computers
– In other cases, you pay for your usage—if you use
the software more, you pay more
• Some software now requires that you register or
activate it before it can be fully used

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 Open-Source Software
• Open-source software: software freely available
to anyone in a form that can be easily modified
• Some widely used open-source software
packages: Linux OS, Free BSD, Apache,
Sendmail, Perl
• Open-source software is often more reliable and
secure than commercial software
• Open-source systems can contain hidden costs,
particularly for user support or solving problems
with the software

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 58

 Open-Source Software (continued)

Table 4.10: Examples of Open-Source Software

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 Shareware, Freeware, and Public
Domain Software
• Shareware and freeware: software that is very
inexpensive or free, but whose source code cannot
be modified
• Public domain software: shareware and freeware
that is in the public domain

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 Software Upgrades
• Software companies revise their programs and sell
new versions periodically
• Revised software may or may not offer any major
additional capabilities
• Revised software can contain bugs or errors
• Software upgrades usually cost much less than the
original purchase price

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 Global Software Support
• Vendors face the challenge of providing adequate
support for their software customers in all locations
of the world
• Trend of outsourcing global support to one or more
third-party distributors

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 Summary
• Computer programs: sequences of instructions for
the computer
• Systems software: coordinates the activities of
hardware and programs
• Applications software: helps users solve particular
problems
• Operating system (OS): set of computer programs
that controls the computer hardware and acts as an
interface with application programs

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 63

 Summary (continued)
• Graphical user interface (GUI): user interface that
uses icons and menus displayed on screen to send
commands to the computer system
• Time-sharing: allows more than one person to use
a computer system at the same time
• Proprietary software: one-of-a-kind program for a
specific application, usually developed and owned
by a single company
• Off-the-shelf software: existing software program
that is purchased

Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 64

 Summary (continued)
• Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software:
manages a company’s vital business operations for
an entire multisite, global organization
• Programming languages: allow humans to
communicate instructions to be executed by a
computer
• Most software products are protected by law using
copyright or licensing provisions
• Open-source software is freely available to anyone
in a form that can be easily modified

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