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Radio Resource Management: 1. Frequency Reuse Among Cells 2. Multiple Access Within Cells

This document discusses radio resource management in cellular networks. It covers frequency reuse among cells, multiple access techniques including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It then discusses frequency reuse in more detail and how it increases capacity but also causes interference. It introduces the concept of a cluster size and reuse distance for network planning. Finally, it provides examples of typical cluster sizes used and how cell sizes decrease with network growth.

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Ganesh Patel
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28 views15 pages

Radio Resource Management: 1. Frequency Reuse Among Cells 2. Multiple Access Within Cells

This document discusses radio resource management in cellular networks. It covers frequency reuse among cells, multiple access techniques including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It then discusses frequency reuse in more detail and how it increases capacity but also causes interference. It introduces the concept of a cluster size and reuse distance for network planning. Finally, it provides examples of typical cluster sizes used and how cell sizes decrease with network growth.

Uploaded by

Ganesh Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Radio Resource Management

1.
2.

Frequency reuse among cells


Multiple Access within cells:

How to share radio resources


among multiple users

Frequency Division Multple Access: FDMA


Every user has its own frequency channel

Time Division Multiple Access: TDMA


Users share the same bandwidth but transmit one after the other

Code Division Multiple Access: CDMA


User signals overlap in frequency and time.
Orthogonality of waveforms is used to separate user signals

Frequency Reuse

Frequency Reuse is the core concept of cellular mobile radio


Users in different geographical areas (in different cells)
may simultaneously use the same frequency channel
Frequency reuse drastically increases user capacity and
spectrum efficiency
Frequency reuse causes mutual interference
(trade off between link quality and subscriber capacity)

Theoretical Network Planning


Honeycomb (hexagonal) cell structure

Cluster: set of different frequencies used in group of cells


Cluster is repeated by linear shift
i steps along one direction
j steps in the other direction
How many different frequencies does a cluster contain?

Reuse Distance

Distance between cell centers = 3 Cell Radius


Reuse distance
distance between the centers of two co-channel cells
Ru =
where
R
Ru
and

2
2
i + j + 2ij cos
3

is Cell Radius
is Reuse Distance
cos( /3) = 1/2

3R

Cluster Radius

Radius of a cluster
Ru
=
Rc =
3

2
2
i + j + ij
R
3

Cluster Size

C: number of channels needed for (i,j) grid


is proportional to surface area of cluster

Surface area of one hexagonal cell is


SR =

3 3 2
R
2

Surface area of a (hexagonal) cluster of C cells is


SRu = C SR

3 3 Ru
=
2
3

{ }

Combining these two expressions gives

Ru = R 3C

Possible Cluster Sizes


We have seen
Ru = R 3C
and also
Ru =

2
2
i + j + ij

Thus:
C = i 2 + j 2 + ij
with integer i and j .

3R


Cellular
Telephony
Chose C to ensure acceptable link quality at cell boundary

Typical Cluster Sizes


Cluster size C = i 2+ ij + j 2= 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, ...

C= 1
C= 3
C= 4
C= 7
C= 9
C = 12

i = 1, j = 0
i = 1, j = 1
i = 2, j = 0
i = 2, j = 1
i = 3, j = 0
i = 2, j = 2

} Cluster size for CDMA net


} Usual cluster sizes for TDMA
} cellular telephone nets

Design Objectives for Cluster Size


High spectrum efficiency
many users per cell
Small cluster size gives much bandwidth per cell
High performance
Little interference
Large cluster sizes

Spectrum Efficiency
Cable
bit/s per Hz
Wireless
Erlang per km2 per Hz
Erlang per base station per Hz
bit/s per Hz per km2

NMT 450
Sweden

Netherlands

B = 25 kHz
C=9

B = 12.5 kHz
C = 21 or more

Total bandwidth needed


for one cluster:

Total bandwidth needed


for one cluster:

B C = 225 kHz

B C = 262.5 kHz

Cell Sizes Decrease with Growth of System

Macro-cellular

1 - 30 km

Micro-cellular

200 - 2000 m

Pico-cellular

4 - 200 meter

The effect of decreasing cell size


Increased user capacity
Increased number of handovers per call
Increased complexity in locating the subscriber
Lower power consumption in mobile terminal:
Longer talk time,
Safer operation
Different propagation environment, shorter delay spreads
Different cell layout,

lower path loss exponent, more interference


cells follow street pattern
more difficult to predict and plan
more flexible, self-organizing system needed (cf. DECT vs. GSM)

Advantages of Digital Transmission

Digital speech transmission reacts differently


to changing performance of the radio link
Higher capacity:
1)
2)

speech coding
smaller protection ratios, denser reuse

Security
1) Privacy
2) Protected against unauthorized use
Additional services

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