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Chapter 7 Forced Convectionxexternal Flow

This document discusses forced convection over external surfaces. It introduces governing parameters like the Nusselt, Reynolds, and Prandtl numbers. It describes boundary layers that form on surfaces in forced convection. It provides Nusselt number correlations for laminar and turbulent flow over flat plates under constant temperature and constant heat flux conditions. It also discusses flow and heat transfer over cylinders. Examples are given to demonstrate the use of these correlations to calculate heat transfer rates and surface temperatures.

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Dazuky Uky
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184 views19 pages

Chapter 7 Forced Convectionxexternal Flow

This document discusses forced convection over external surfaces. It introduces governing parameters like the Nusselt, Reynolds, and Prandtl numbers. It describes boundary layers that form on surfaces in forced convection. It provides Nusselt number correlations for laminar and turbulent flow over flat plates under constant temperature and constant heat flux conditions. It also discusses flow and heat transfer over cylinders. Examples are given to demonstrate the use of these correlations to calculate heat transfer rates and surface temperatures.

Uploaded by

Dazuky Uky
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 7 Forced convectionexternal flow

In this chapter we will study the following topics


Governing parameters for forced convection
The boundary layers in external flow
Forced convection over a flat plate
Flow across cylinders

7.1 Governing parameters for forced convection


The Nusselt number for forced convection is a function of Reynolds number,
the Prandtl number and the shape and the orientation of the surface. The
general correlation equation is

Nu L F (Re L , Pr, S )
The exact forms of the Nussselt number equation depend on
- the type of flow laminar or turbulent
- the shape of the surfaces in contact with the pool of bulk moving fluid
- the boundary conditionsconstant temperature or constant heat flux.

7-2 The boundary layers

Due to the bulk motion of the viscous fluid, there exist both hydraulic
(velocity) and thermal boundary layers
U
T
U
y
du

Ts

On the solid boundary, no slip boundary condition must exist for viscous fluid.
There exists shear stress, ( N/m2) on the boundary, is the dynamicU 2
cf
viscosity of the fluid. The shear stress can also
2
2
be written in terms of frictional coefficient,cU
f

FD A c f A

dy

) y 0

The frictional force is

2
3

7-3 Forced convection over a flat plate

Laminar and turbulent


U
T

xcr
In general, near the leading edge, the flow is laminar. However, laminar
flow is not stable. Beyond a certain point the flow becomes turbulent. This
point is called critical point. The critical Reynolds number is defined
5
Uxcr
5 Laminar ,
turbulent
5
Re

5
x
10
Re 5 x10

Recr

5 x10

The general form of Nusselt numbers correlation equations

NuL c Re mL Pr n

c, m, and n are constants depend on the flow and boundary conditions


Fluid properties are evaluated at mean film temperature

Tf

Ts T
2
4

The local and average heat transfer coefficients


The local heat transfer coefficient, hx, is heat transfer coefficient at the
point x measured from the leading edge of the surface. The average
convection heat transfer coefficient is the average value from the
leading edge to point x. It varies from one point to another. This is due to
that the temperature gradient at the leading edge is very large, because
the boundary layer thickness is samm, and it decreases down stream.
h

h1

hL

x1 xheat transferLcoefficient also depends on the


The average convection
position, x. It is the average value from the leading edge to point x.

hx1

1 x1
hx dx

0
x1

h
0

x1

1 L
hL hx dx
L 0

L
5

Nusselt number correlations for parallel flow over a flat plate


(1) Constant surface temperature

Laminar flow, ReL 5 x105


- The local Nusselt number

1
1
hx x
2
Nu x
0.332 Re x Pr 3
k

-The average Nusselt number

Nu x

1
1
hx x
0.664 Re x 2 Pr 3
k

Turbulent flow starting at x = 0, with artificial transition devices


- The local Nusselt number

Nu x

4
1
hx x
0.0296 Re x 5 Pr 3
k

- The average Nusselt number

Nu x

4
1
hx x
0.037 Re x 5 Pr 3
k

Combined laminar and turbulent flow

NuL

U
T

4
1
hL L
(0.037 Re L5 871) Pr 3
k

Re L

UL
f 5 x105

xcr is laminar.
Ts UseL laminar equation.
- For x 0
smaller than xcr, the flow

Calculation the average convection heat transfer coefficient for laminar flow
along a flat plate
1
1
hx x
2
Nu x
0.332 Re x Pr 3
k
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
k
k
Ux
U
hx (0.332 Re x 2 Pr 3 ) (0.332( ) 2 Pr 3 ) 0.332 k ( ) 2 Pr 3 x 2
x
x

1 x
U 12 13 12
U 12 13 1 x 12
hx 0.332k ( ) Pr x dx 0.332k ( ) Pr x x dx
0
x 0

1
1
1
1
1
U 12 13 1
U

1
0.332k ( ) Pr
x 2 0.332k ( ) 2 Pr 3 x (2 x 2 )
1

1
2
Ux 12 13 1
0.664k ( ) Pr x

hx x
Ux 12 13
0.664( ) Pr
k

(2) Constant surface heat flux


- Local Nusselt number for laminar flow : Re L 5 x105

1
1
hx x
2
Nu x
0.453Re x Pr 3
k

- Local Nusselt number for turbulent


flow
1
hx x
4/5
Nu x
0.0308 Re x Pr 3
k

q&

The surface temperature is not constant. It is obtained as follows:

q& hx (Ts T ) Ts T

q&
hx

- By applying the definition of average heat transfer coefficient, the average


Nusselt number correlations can also be obtained
1
1
- Note
h
, lam.....h
, Turbulent
x

x 0.2
x
x 0, h Ts T

for constant surface heat flux, Ts increases with x.


8

Examples to select Nusselt number correlation equations

To calculate the heat transfer rate at the point x1


0

x1

1. No artificial transition device, Rex smaller than 5x105

2. With artificial transition device at the leading edge


To calculate the heat transfer rate of a board from 0 to x1
0

x1
1. No artificial transition device, Rex smaller than 5x105
2. With artificial transition device at the leading edge

To calculate the heat transfer rate in the region between x1 to x2


0

x1

x2

7.4 Flow across cylinders

The nature of flow


The flow may involve laminar, transition, turbulent and wake regions. The
flow depends, strongly, on the Reynolds number

Re d

Ud

Nucyl c Re m Pr

1
3

The correlation equations of circular cylinder is


c, and m are constants, depending on the value of Reynolds number. The
properties of the fluid is determined at the mean film temperature of the fluid
Red
0.4 - 4
4 - 40
40 4000
4000 40000
40000 400000

C
0.989
0.911
0.683
0.193
0.027

m
0.330
0.385
0.466
0.618
0.805

Table 7-1 shows correlations for various forms of cylinders


10

Streamlines of flow around a circular cylinder

11

Example 7-1 Cooling a hot block at high elevation by forced convection

Given : A = 1.5m x 6m, T = 20oC, Ts = 140oC, U = 8m/s, p =83.7kPa,


Find : the rate of heat transfer
(a) L = 6m
T T
T f s 80o C
2
- Properties of air , Table 15
k= 0.02953W/mK, Pr =0.7154, = 2.096x10-5 (kg/m.s), Note : the air
density depends strongly on pressure, Table15 is good only for
pressure at 1bar = 101kPa. Other air properties is almost independent

of pressure.
the kinematic viscosity requires to be corrected.

p RT

p
p

p
837000

0.826kg / m3
RT 287x(273 80)

2.096
2.53x10 5 (m2 / s)
0.826

12

Example 7-1 continued


-

UL
8 x6

1.9 x106 f 5 x105


5

2.53x10
The flow is combined laminar and turbulent flow
- The average Nusselt number
4
1
hL L
5
NuL
(0.037 Re L 871) Pr 3 2867
k
- The heat transfer coefficient
Re L

k
0.02953
2867 x
13.2W / m 2 K
L
6
- The heat transfer rate
Q& hL A(Ts T ) 13.2 x 6 x1.5 x(140 20) 14.3kW
8 x1.5
Re L
4.71x105 p 5 x105
5
2.548 x10
(b) L = 1.5m
1
hL L
0.5
Nu L
0.644 Re Pr 3 408
k
k
hL Nu L 8.03W / m 2 K
L
Q& hA(Ts T ) 8.67kW
hL NuL

laminar

13

Example 7-2 Uniform heat flux board


Given: A = 15cm x 15cm, Total power = 15W, ambient temperature = 20oC
Air velocity = 5m/s, The flow is turbulent due to the disturbance of the
electronic devices. Consider one side of the board only. Uniform heat flux.
Find : (a) surface temperature at x = 0 (b) surface temperature at x = L
Solution : The surface temperature is not specified. We assume Ts = 100oC,
- Tf = 60oC
- Properties of fluid from Table A15.
k = 0.02808W/mK, v = 1.896x10-5m2/s, Pr = 0.7202
(a)

1
hx a , a f 0,,,,,,, x 0, h Ts T
x

(b) The flow is turbulent (specified)


- At the end of the board x=0.15m, the average Nusselt number is
1/ 3
Nu x 0.0308 Re 0.8
Pr
117.4
L

- the heat transfer coefficient at x = 0.15m from the leading edge

hL

k
0.02808
Nu x
117.4 23.2W / m 2 K
L
0.15

14

Home work problem 7 - 24


- the surface temperature at x = L

Q&
15
&
q
666.7W / m 2
A 0.15 x0.15
q& h(Ts T )
666.7 23.2(Ts 10)
Ts 78.7 o C
- reassume Ts = 85oC
the two results will be very close

15

Home Work

Given : A = 4m x 6m, T = 30oC, Ts = 90oC, U = 0.06 m/s, p =1 atm,


Find : the heat transfer of coefficient? a. L= 6m and b. L = 3m

air

p = 1 atm

U = 0,06 m/s

16

17

Steps to calculate convection heat transfer rate external flow


1.
2.

Use boundary condition to determine whether the problem is constant


temperature or constant heat flux.
Calculate the film temperature.
T T
Tf s
2

4.

In general, the problem will ask you to calculate the heat transfer rate or
one of the two temperatures, If one of the two temperatures is required
to be determined, its value is not given, assume one
Get the physical properties of the coolant using the film temperature

5.

Calculate the Reynolds number

3.

UL
Re

Re 5 x105 Laminar ,

Re 5 x105

Combined laminar and turbulent flow


- with artificial transition device use turbulent equation
- without artificial transition device
18

Steps to calculate convection heat transfer rate external flow


6. Choose the correct equation & calculate the Nusselt number
- Local value
- Average value over a distance
7. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient,

k
hL Nu L
L

8.

Calculate the heat transfer rate or temperature. If the problem is to


determine one of the two temperatures, compare the calculated value
with the assumed one. If the difference between the two is large,
reassume one and repeat the calculation.

Q& hA(Ts T )
Other form of external surfacesempirical equations

19

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