Comparative Study of DOS
and NOS
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM
A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears to
its users as a single coherent system
Important characteristics of distributed systems
- Differences between the various computers and the ways in which they communicate
are hidden from users
- Users and applications can interact with a distributed system in a consistent and uniform
way, regardless of where and when interaction takes place
Goals of Distributed System
4 important goals that should be met to make building a distributed system worth
the effort they are
1) Easily connect Users to resources, hide the fact that resources are distributed
across a network, open, scalable
2) Transparency
A distributed system that is able to present itself to users and applications as if it
were only a single computer system is said to be transparent. Which hides whether
a Implementation i.e. software resource is in main memory or disk
Forms of Transparency in a Distributed System
Transparency
Description
Access
Hide differences in data representation and how a
resource is accessed
Location
Hide where a resource is located
Migration
Hide that a resource may move to another location
Relocation
Hide that a resource may be moved to another location
while in use
Replication
Hide that a resource may be shared by several
competitive users
Concurrency
Hide that a resource may be shared by several
competitive users
Failure
Hide the failure and recovery of a resource
Persistence
Hide whether a (software) resource is in memory or on
disk
3) Openness
An open distributed system is a system that offers services according to standard rules.
4) Scalability
Scalability of a system can be measured along at Least three different
dimensions
-First, a system can be scalable with respect to its size, we can easily add
more users and resources to the system.
-Second, a geographically scalable system users and resources may lie far
apart.
-Third, a system can be administratively scalable; it can still be easy to
manage even if it spans many independent administrative organizations.
Hardware Concepts
General Classification:
Multiprocessor a single address space among
the processors
Multicomputer each machine has its own
private memory.
OS can be developed for either type of
environment.
Bus Based or Switch Based Architecture
Of memory and processor.
Hardware Concepts
Basic organizations and memories in distributed
computer systems
1.6
Multiprocessors
1.7
A bus-based multiprocessor.
Multiprocessors
A crossbar switch
An omega switching network
Software Concepts
DOS (Distributed Operating Systems)
NOS (Network Operating Systems)
Middleware
System
Description
Main Goal
DOS
Tightly-coupled operating system for multiprocessors and homogeneous
multicomputers
Hide and manage
hardware
resources
NOS
Loosely-coupled operating system for
heterogeneous multicomputers (LAN and
WAN)
Offer local services
to remote clients
Middleware
Additional layer a top of NOS implementing Provide distribution
general-purpose services
transparency
Uniprocessor Operating
Systems
Separating applications from operating system
code through a microkernel
Can extend to multiple computers
Network Operating System
OS uses can be different (Windows or Linux)
Typical services: rlogin, rcp
Fairly primitive way to share files
NOS
A network operating system (NOS) is a computer
operating system that is designed primarily to support
workstation, personal computer, and, in some instances,
older terminal that are connected on a local area network
(LAN). Artisoft's LANtastic, Banyan VINES, Novell's
NetWare, and Microsoft's LAN Manager are examples of
network operating systems.
A network operating system provides printer sharing,
common file system and database sharing, application
sharing, and the ability to manage a network name
directory, security, and other housekeeping aspects of a
network.
Example of Network Operating system :
1)Windows NT (2000,XP)
2) Ubuntu
3)Linux
Network Operating System
Can have one computer provide files transparently for others (NFS)
Systems,
network operating systems do not assume that the underlying
hardware is homogeneous
Distributed Operating Systems
But no longer have shared memory
Provide message passing
Can try to provide distributed shared memory
But tough to get acceptable performance
DOS
An OPERATING SYSTEM which manages a number of
computers and hardware devices which make up a
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM. Such an operating system has
a number of functions: it manages the communication
between entities on the system
Example of Distributed Operating System :
Online Reservation Systems
Online banking
NOS
DOS
1) Most current operating systems are capable of using the
TCP/IP networking protocols. This means that one system
can appear on a network of the other and share resources
such as files, printers, and scanners using either wired or
wireless connections.
2) A network operating system (NOS) is a piece of software
that controls a network and its message (e.g. packet) traffic
and queues, controls access by multiple users to network
resources such as files, and provides for certain
administrative functions, including security.
1Distributed computing is a method of computer processing
in which different parts of a program run simultaneously on
two or more computers that are communicating with each
other over a network. Distributed computing is a type of
segmented or parallel computing.)
2) Distributed computing is a type of segmented or parallel
computing. But the latter term is most commonly used to
refer to processing in which different parts of a program run
simultaneously on two or more processors that are part of the
same computer.
3) Network OS follows 2 tier Client server architecture
3) Distributed OS follows n tier client/server architecture
4) A network operating system is most frequently used with
local area networks and wide area networks, but could also
have application to larger network systems.The upper 5
layers of the OSI Reference Model provide the foundation
upon which many network operating systems are based.
4) i)Tightly coupled (clustered) refers typically to a set of
highly integrated machines that run the same process in
parallel, subdividing the task in parts that are made
individually by each one, and then put back together to make
the final result.
ii)Peer-to-peer an architecture where there is no special
machine or machines that provide a service or manage the
network resources. Instead all responsibilities are uniformly
divided among all machines, known as peers. Peers can serve
both as clients and servers.
5) A Network OS is not the same as the networking tools
provided by some existing OSs, Windows XP for instance.
An NOS is an OS that has been specifically written to keep
networks running at optimal performance.
5) Distributed computing implements a kind of concurrency.
It interrelates tightly with concurrent programming so much
that they are sometimes not taught as distinct
subjects==>Multiprocessor systems,Multicore
systems,Computer clusters,Multicomputer systems,Grid
computing
Why Middleware ?
Distributed operating system is not intended to handle a
collection of independent computers, while network operating
system does not provide a view of a single coherent system
So an additional layer of software that is used in network
operating systems to more or less hide the heterogeneity of
the collection of underlying platforms but also to improve
distribution transparency
Distributed System as
Middleware
Middleware Models And Present
Technologies
1 )Remote
Procedure Calls (RPCs).
2 )CORBA
3 )Remote
Method Invocation (RMI).
4 )Enterprise
Java Beans (EJB).
5 )Component
Object Modeling & Distributed
Component Object Modeling (COM AND DCOM with .net )
6 )Web
Services And SOA (Service Oriented
Architecture)
References
1)Distributed Systems by Andrew Tanenbaum
2) Distributed Computing by Sunita Mahajan and Seema shah,Oxford Press
3 )Middleware and Enterprise Integration Technologies by G. SUDHA
SADASIVAM, RADHA SHANKARMANI
T HAN K
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