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Lec-8 Digital Signal Processing by Proakis

The document discusses the Fourier series representation of periodic discrete-time signals. It provides the formula for calculating the Fourier coefficients and expresses a periodic signal as a sum of harmonically related exponential functions using the coefficients. It also discusses Parseval's theorem, which relates the energy of a signal to the magnitude of its Fourier coefficients. An example is provided to demonstrate calculating the Fourier series representation of a periodic signal.

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Muhammad Aqil
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334 views17 pages

Lec-8 Digital Signal Processing by Proakis

The document discusses the Fourier series representation of periodic discrete-time signals. It provides the formula for calculating the Fourier coefficients and expresses a periodic signal as a sum of harmonically related exponential functions using the coefficients. It also discusses Parseval's theorem, which relates the energy of a signal to the magnitude of its Fourier coefficients. An example is provided to demonstrate calculating the Fourier series representation of a periodic signal.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Aqil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Fourier Series for DiscreteTime Signals

Suppose that we are given a periodic sequence


with period N. The Fourier series representation
for x[n] consists of N harmonically related
exponential functions
ej2kn/N, k = 0, 1,2,.,N-1
and is expressed as
x[n ]

N 1

j 2 kn / N
c
e
k
k 0

where the coefficients ck can be computed as:


1
j 2 kn / N
ck
x
[
n
]
e

N n0

Example 2: Determine the spectra of the


following signals:
(a) x[n] = [1, 1, 0, 0], x[n] is periodic with period 4
(b) x[n] = cosn/3
(c) x[n] = cos(2)n

Solution: (a) x[n] = [1, 1, 0, 0]


3
1 N 1
1
ck x[n]e j2 kn / N x[n]e j2 kn / N
N n0
4 n0

1 3
1
1
1

x
[
n
]

x
[
0
]

x
[
1
]

x
[
2
]

x
[
3
]

Now 0 4
4
4
2
n0
1 3
1 3
1
j 2 n / 4
c1 x[n]e
x[n]e jn / 2 x[0] x[1]e j / 2 0 0
4 n 0
4 n0
4

1
1
1

1 1 cos 2 j sin 2 1 0 j 1 j
4
4
4
2

1 3
1 3
1
j2 2 n / 4
jn
c 2 x[n]e
x[n]e 1 1.e j
4 n0
4 n0
4

1
1 cos j sin 0
4

1 3
1
1
1
j2 n 3 / 4
c 3 x[n]e
1 cos 3 / 2 j sin( 3 / 2) 1 0 j 1 j
4 n0
4
4
4

The magnitude spectra are:

1
c0
2

c1

2
4

c2 0

c3

2
4

and the phase spectra are:

0 0

1
4

2 undefined

3
4

(b) x[n] = cosn/3


Solution: In this case, f0 = 1/6 and hence x[n] is
periodic with fundamental period N = 6.
Now
1 5
1 5
n j2 kn / 6 1 5
n
j 2 kn / N
ck x[n]e
cos e
cos e jkn / 3
6 n0
6 n0
3
6 n 0
3

1 5 1 jn / 3 jn / 3 jkn / 3 1 5 j 3n 1k j 3n 1k
e
e
e
e
e
6 n 0 2
12 n 0
1 5
n 1 5
n
c 0 2 cos cos
12 n 0
3 6 n0
3
1
cos 0 cos 3 cos 23 cos 33 cos 43 cos 53 0
6

Similarly, c2 = c3 = c4 = 0, c1 = c5 = .

(c) Cos(2)n
Solution: The frequency f0 of the signal is
1/2 Hz. Since f0 is not a rational number,
the signal is not periodic. Cosequently, this
signal cannot be expanded in a Fourier
series.

Power density
Signals

Spectrum

of

Periodic

The average power of a discrete time periodic signal with period N is

1 N 1
2
Px x(n )
N n0

The above relation may also be written as


N 1

1 N 1
1
*
Px x[n]x [n] x[n]
N n0
N n0

or

1
Px c
n 0
N
N 1

N 1

k 0

*
k

ck

N 1

x[n]e

x[n ]

c e
n0

* 2 kn / N
k

j 2 kn / N

n0

N 1

N 1

n0

This is Parsevals Theorem for Discrete-Time Power


Signals.

Similarly, for discrete time energy signals, the Parsevals Theorem may be stated as follows:

N 1

N 1

E x x[n] N c k
n0

k 0

If the signal x[n] is real, [i.e. x*[n] = x[n]], then we


can easily show that

|c-k| = |ck|
-c-k = ck
|ck| = |cN-k|
ck = cN-k

(even symmetry)
(odd symmetry)
(Periodicity)
(periodicity)
7

More specifically, we have


|c0|
|c1|

= |cN|
= |cN-1|

|cN/2| = |cN/2|
|c(N-1)/2| = |c(N+1)/2|

c0 = - cN
c1 = - cN-1
cN/2 = 0 if N is even
c(N-1)/2 = (N+1)/2 if N
is odd

Example: Determine the Fourier Series


Coefficients and the Power Density Spectrum of
the following periodic signal.
X[n]
A
n
-N
Solution:

N 1
1 N 1
1
ck x[n]e j2 kn / N Ae j2 kn / N
N n0
N n0

k = 0, 1, 2, ., N-1

A
j2 k / N
ck e

N n0

L 1

AL
N
A 1 e j 2 kL / N
N 1 e j 2 k / N

k0
, k 1,2,..., N 1
9

But
1 e j2 kL / N e jkL / N e jkL / N e jkL / N
jk / N jk / N jk / N
j 2 k / N
1e
e
e
e

jk ( L 1 ) / N sin( kL / N )
e
sin( k / N )
Therefore,
AL 2

N
k0
2

2
ck
A 2 sin kL / N
otherwise
N sin k / N

10

The Fourier Transform of Discrete-Time


Aperiodic Signals
The Fourier Transform of a finite energy discrete
time signal x[n] is defined as
X( w )

x[n]e

jwn

X(w) may be regarded as a decomposition of x[n]


into its Frequency components. It is not difficult to
Verify that X(w) is periodic with frequency 2.
The Inverse Fourier Transform of X(w) may be
defined as
x[n]

1
jwn
X
(
w
)
e
dw

11

Energy Density Spectrum of Aperiodic


Signals
Energy of a discrete time signal x[n] is defined as
Ex

x[n]

Let us now express the energy Ex in terms of the


spectral characteristic X(w). First we have

jwn
E x x[n]x [n] x[n]
X
(
w
)
e
dw

n
n
*

If we interchange the order of integration and


summation in the above equation, we obtain
1

Ex
X
(
w
)

x[n]e

jwn

2
1
dw 2 X( w ) dw

12

Therefore, the energy relation between x[n] and


X(w) is

1
E x x[n]
X( w ) dw

2
n

This is Parsevals relation for discrete-time


aperiodic signals.

13

Example: Determine and sketch the energy


density spectrum of the signal x[n] = anu[n],
-1<a<1
Solution:

X( w )

x[n]e

jwn

a e

n jwn

n0

ae jw
n 0

1
1 ae jw

The energy density spectrum (ESD) is given by


2

S xx ( w ) X( w ) X( w )X ( w )

1 ae 1 ae

X(w)

1
1 2a cos w a 2

jw

a = 0.5

a= -0.5

jw

14

Example: Determine the Fourier


Transform and the energy density
spectrum of the sequence
A,
0,

x[n ]

0 n L 1
otherwise

Solution:

X( w )

L 1

jwn
jwn
x
[
n
]
e

Ae

1 e jwL
j( w / 2 )( L 1 ) sin( wL / 2)
A
Ae
jw
1e
sin( w / 2)

The magnitude of x[n] is

w0

A L,

X( w )

sin( wL / 2 )
sin( w / 2 )

otherwise

and the phase spectrum is

X( w ) A (L 2)
w
2

sin( wL / 2 )
sin( w / 2 )

The signal x[n] and its magnitude is plotted on the next slide.15The
Phase spectrum is left as an exercise.

x[n]

|X(w)|

16

Properties of Discrete Time Fourier


Transform (DTFT)
Symmetry Properties: Suppose that both the signal x[n] and its
transform X(w) are complex valued. Then
x[n] = xR[n] + jxI[n]
(1)
X(w) = XR(w) + jXI[w]
(2)

X( w )

x[n]e

jwn

Substitution of (1) and (2) gives

X R (w ) jXI ( w )

x [n] x [n]e

jwn

x [n] x [n]cos wn jsin wn

Separating the real and imaginary parts, we have

17

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