Statistical Quality Control

STATISTICAL QUALITY
CONTROL
What is Statistical Quality Control?

an economic & effective system of maintaining &
improving the quality of outputs throughout the
whole operating process of specification, production
& inspection based on continuous testing with
random samples
Causes of Variation in Quality
Assignable Causes
It refers to those changes in the quality of the products which can be
assigned or attributed to any particular causes.
Common Causes
Based on random causes that we cannot identify. These types of
variation are unavoidable and are due to slight differences in
processing.
Methods of Statistical Quality Control

1.
Statistical Process Control
A statistical tool that involves inspecting a random sample of the

output from a process and deciding whether the process is producing
products with characteristics that fall within a predetermined range.
CONTROL CHART
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AAcontrol
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Types of Control Charts

Control Charts for Variables
x Chart (mean)
is used to monitor changes in the

mean of a process.
R-Chart (range)
monitors changes in the dispersion or

variability of process.
Control Charts for Attributes
P-Chart
is used to measure the proportion that

is defective in a sample.
is used to monitor the number of

defects per unit
C-Chart
Interpreting patterns in control charts

General rules to determine whether a process is in
control:
1. No points outside the control limits.
2. The number of points above and below the center line are about
the same.
3. Points seem to fall randomly above and below the center line.
4. Most points are near center line, and only a few are close to
control limits.

A quality control inspector at the Cocoa Fizz soft drink company has taken twenty-five samples with
four observations each of the volume of bottles filled. The data and the computed means are shown in
the table. If the standard deviation of the bottling operation is 0.14 ounces, use this information to
develop control limits of three standard deviations for the bottling operation.
Solution
The center line of the control data is the average of the
samples:
The control limits are

U
LCL

R
The quality control inspector at Cocoa Fizz would like to develop a range (R) chart in order to monitor
volume dispersion in the bottling process.
Solution
From the data, the average sample range is:
From the data for n=4:
P
A production manager at a tire manufacturing plant has inspected the number of defective tires in
twenty random samples with twenty observations each. Following are the number of defective tires
found in each sample. Construct a three-sigma control chart (z = 3) with this information.
Solution
The center line of the chart is

C
The number of weekly customer complaints are monitored at a large hotel using a c-chart. Complaints
have been recorded over the past twenty weeks. Develop three-sigma control limits using the
following data:
TOTAL
WEEK
2 3
4 5
7 8 9 10 11 12
13
14
15
16
17 18
19
20
No. of Complaints
2 3
1 3
2 1 3
Solution
The average number of complaints per week is
Therefore,
44
2. Acceptance Sampling
The process of randomly inspecting a sample of goods and
deciding whether to accept the entire lot based on the results.
Risk in Acceptance Sampling
Producers Risk
Sometimes in spite of good quality, the sample taken may show defective
units as such the lot will be rejected.
Consumers Risk
Sometimes the quality of the lot is not good but the sample results show
good quality units as such the consumer has to accept a defective lot.
Sampling Plans
A sampling
plan is a plan for acceptance sampling that precisely specifies the

parameters of the sampling process and the acceptance/rejection criteria.
The variables to be specified include:
N size of the lot
n the number of defects which a lot is rejected
c number of samples that will be taken
Types of Sampling Plans
Single Sampling
a random sample is drawn from every lot. Each item in the sample is
examined and is labeled as either good or bad.
Double Sampling
provides an opportunity to sample the lot a second time if the
results of the first sample are inconclusive.
Multiple Sampling
a decision to accept or reject a lot is taken after inspecting more than
two samples of small size each
Operating Characteristic (OC) Curves

A graph that shows the probability or chance of accepting a lot given
various proportions of defects in the lot.
Lets say that we want to develop an OC curve for a sampling plan in which a sample of n = 5 items
is drawn from lots of N = 1000 items. The accept/reject criteria are set up in such a way that we
accept a lot if no more than one defect (c=1) is found.
THE END

Statistical Quality Control

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STATISTICAL QUALITY

What is Statistical Quality Control?

Causes of Variation in Quality

Methods of Statistical Quality Control

Statistical Process Control

A statistical tool that involves inspecting a random sample of the

Types of Control Charts

is used to monitor changes in the

monitors changes in the dispersion or

Control Charts for Attributes

is used to measure the proportion that

is used to monitor the number of

Interpreting patterns in control charts

The control limits are

From the data for n=4:

Risk in Acceptance Sampling

plan is a plan for acceptance sampling that precisely specifies the

Types of Sampling Plans

Operating Characteristic (OC) Curves

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