Equations of circular motion

Circular motion of rigid body

Uniform circular motion
Accelerated circular motion

Nature is full of rotating objects, Circular motion

being periodic, gives stable structure.

Uniform circular
motion

Magnitude of v
is constant
Direction is
F = forces acting
changes
toward center.
This force changes
direction of velocity

Velocity is changing both

in magnitude & direction
Two Accn. exists
Centripetal Acc.
Tangential Acc,

v
F

F
F
Accelerated
circular motion

Two different forces act

F = Centripetal force
F = Tangential force

New concepts of angular measurement

( Radian , Steradian )
Calculations jn calculus become simple
It is geometry based definition of angle
There is no natural reason why circus should
have 3600. ( Why not 400 ?)

What is Radian; (Measure of angle)

3600 = (2 x R ) / R
= 2 Radian

What is Radian; (Measure of angle)

S=r

Degree & Radians

3600
300
900

1800
600

10 = (/1800) rad = 0.0174533 rad;

1 rad = 1800/ = 57.2960 = 57.30

The name steradian is made up from the Greek

stereos for "solid" and radian. The SI Unit
abbreviation

The surface area of a

sphere is 4r2,
The surface area of a
steradian is just r2.

Example: a sphere with a radius of 1 (called the

"unit sphere"):has a surface area of 4, and a
steradian would "cut out" an area of 1.

 Concept of
rigid body

Every particle of in the rigid

body
Rotates through the
same angle
Have the same angular
speed
Have same angular
acceleration
Partials do not move with
respect to each other
during motion.

Terms involved in circular motion

Angular position

Angular
displacement

= Very small angle tending to zero

Angular velocity

=
t
When initial angle =0

Using following quantities we can study rotation

of rigid-body
Angular position() , linear position (x)
Angular speed ( ),
linear speed (v),
linear acceleration (a)
Angular accn ( )
Period (T)
Frequency

Angle is always expressed in Radians

Motion with Constant Acceleration

Equations of motions:

Linear motion
First equations.
vu
a=
t
at = v u
.

v = u + at

Circular motion
First equations.
2 1
=
t
t = 2 1
.

2 = 1 + t

Second equations
of liner motion.

Distance moved
Angle rotated
= average velocity x t
= Angular velocity x t
.v
+u
X t
s=
2+ 1
2
X t
=
2
(u +at + u)
(1 + t + 1)
X t
s=
Xt
2
=
2
---(as v = u + at)
---(as 2 = 1 + t)
.

s= ut+
.

1
2

at

= 1 t +
.

1
2

t2

Equations of motions:
Distance moved
= average velocity x t

Third equation.
Angle rotated
= Angular velocity x t

2+ 1
X t
=
v
+
u
X t
s=
2
2
2- 1
2+ 1
X
s= v+u X vu =
2
2
2
a
---(as 2 = 1 + t)
---(as v = u + at)
22 + 12
=
v2 u2
2
s=
2a
2

2
1 + 2
2 + 2 as

=
2
2
v =u

..

Three main equations for constant

accelerated motion are are

v = u + at

s= ut+

..

v2 = u
- ve

2+

1
2

at2

2 as

+ve

2 = 1 + t

= 1 t +
.

1
2

t2

22 = 12 + 2

- ve

+ve

Other terms / equations of circular motion

Time period
T sec

T =Period , time taken for one evolution

Frequency
Frequency f = Number
of revolution in unit time

Relation between tangential

velocity & angular velocity

Tangential velocity

Example: A Rotating shaft

A 4.0 cm diameter shaft turns at 2400 rpm. What
is the speed of a point on the surface of shaft?
Frequency =

T=

1
f

2400 rev 1 minute

40 rev/s
1 minute
60 s

1
40 rev/s

0.025 s (per revolution)

2 r 2 (0.020 m)
v

5.03 m/s
T
0.025 s

Example: A Rotating shaft

A 4.0 cm diameter shaft turns at 2400 rpm. What
is the speed of a point on the surface of shaft?

Alternative method:
2400 rev 1 minute 2 rad

80 rad/s
1 minute
60 s
1 rev
v r (80 rad/s)(0.020 m) 5.03 m/s
covered In one revolution = 2
per covered in a min = 2400
= /sec =( 2400 )/60 rad /sec

Angular acceleration

ObjectDirection
move from
to
of AAngular
acceleration

V= change in velocity
B in time t sec
V = V2 V1
V1= Initial velocity
B
V2= Final velocity

This is centripetal
acceleration

Magnitude of centripetal acceleration

ac

Magnitude of Angular acceleration is given

by formula

Let us prove this formula

As V2 & V1 are tangent to circle

CBD = CAD =900

Consider quadrilateral ADBC
+ ADB + 90 + 90 =360
(interior angles)
+ ADB = 180
900

C
Consider line ADE
ADB+ BDE = 180
BDE =

A
D
900
r

Object
move from A to B
Direction of Angular
acceleration
in time t sec
B
C

V2

V1
C

A
Consider triangle ABC & ABC
As CB = CA = r, CB = BA= V,& is common
ABC &

ABC are similar

V = V2Direction
= V1 in of Angular
Object
move from A to B
acceleration
in time t sec
magnitude of
tangential
B -V A
B
velocity
r
V
V

V
A

ABC &

V
AB
=
V
r

ABC are similar

A
Consider difference
between Arc AB &
lenght AB
As reduces

Diff. between arc

AB & length AB
reduced

Diff. between
arc AB & length
AB reduced

B
A

Hence as 0
Arc AB = Length AB

Object
move from A to B
Direction of Angular
acceleration
in time t sec
V
AB
=
Vr
r
C

B
S

A
V2 V1

A
As 0, Length AB = arc AB
Now arc AB = s = V x t (V= tangential velocity)
s
V
V x t , Also AB
AB
=
=
Hence
=
V
r
r
r
r

Object
move from A to B
Direction of Angular
acceleration
in time t sec
V
AB
=
Vr
r

B
S

A
V2 V1

C
A
2
V
V
V
x
V

=
=
t
r
r

V x t = V
V
r
V

= centripetal acceleration
t

Object
move from A to B
Direction of Angular
acceleration
in time t sec
B -V A
V
AB
=
B
Vr
r
S
V V1
2

C
A

2
V
V

=
t
r
2
(r)2
V
ac =
= r2
=
r
r

Hence ac = v2/ r gives

basic relation ship
between tangential
velocity & centripetal
acceleration

Other form of same equation

Ball in circular motion rope provides centripetal

force to keep ball in circle. If rope is cut and ball
continues in straight line with velocity at the time
of cutting the rope,

Time period

T =Period , time taken for one evolution

Frequency

Frequency f = Number
of revolution in unit time

or = 2 / T

Centripetal Force
Now Centripetal acceleration acp

Hence centripetal force fcp, required to

keep an object of mass 2m moving in a
v calculated.
circle of radius r can be
2

f cp macp m

m r

Equations of circular
motion
2 = 1 + t

= 1 t +

1
2

- ve

+ve

22 = 12 + 2

RPM= rotation
per minute
2

v
2
f cp macp m m r
r

Example: Decelerating Windmill

A windmill rotating at w = 2.1
rad/s slows down at a constant
angular acceleration of a = -0.45
rad/s2. How long does it take for
the windmill to come to a
complete stop?
2 = 1 + t
2 1

t
=

2
1
t=
.

.t

Example: Find the period of a disc

rotating at 45 RPM.
f = 45/60 rotation per sec.

T 2 / (2 rad) / (4.7 rad/s) 1.3 s

Example : Calculate tangential

velocity of moon
= 2 / T

V?

V = r
= 385 103 103 meters
= 2 / T
= ( 2 3.14 ) / ( 27.3 24 60 60)
= ( 6.28) / ( 2358720) = 2.66 10-6 rad/sec

V = r
= 385 106 2.66 10-6 = 1024.1m/sec

ac?

V =1030.3m/sec

= (1030*1030 / 385000*1000)
= 0.00273 m/sec sq

Ex :A shaft was initially rotating at 600 rpm.

Shaft accelerates at constant rate to 2400 rpm
in a time interval of 3.0 s. How many revolutions
does the shaft made in this time interval?
1 =

600 x 2

2 =

2400 x 2

60
60

2f i1

= 20 rad / sec
= 80 rad / sec

(262.0
rad/s 52.4
20 rad/s)
80
2

69.9
20 rad/s
(3.0 s)

 = 20 rad /sec2
.

= 1 t +

1
2

t2

= 20 x 3 +
.

1
2

20 x 32

= 60 + 90

= 150 radians

Number of revolutions = 150 / 2

= 75 revolutions

Practical applications

.
CD (Compact disk) or HD (hard disk)

Lesser head

Vt

Lesser head details

Reading on Pit

Reading on land

CD or HD surface
CD have information is stored (digitally) in a
series of pits and flat areas on face
Pits(1) and land (0) represents binary ones and zero
Lesser moves relative to disk at constant liner speed
a
1

1 0

1
Disk surface

Lesser beam

Out put signal

10110011

.
The lesser travel liner
speed must be same over
full disc surface
Hence disk turns with a
variable angular speed to
have constant tangential
speed vt is at all radius

Reading
CD

Writing
CD

Lesser head

vt

Vt
Pit Land

CD/DVD player Speed

CD/DVD player
Speed
Example
Find RPM of CD to
have vt = 2.0 m/s
when the laser beam
shines on the disk at
4.0 cm & 5 cm from its
center

Lesser
head

vt

Vt

(1.25
2.0 m/s)
For r 2.50
50.0 rad/s 477 rpm
4.0 cm:
0.04 m)
(0.0250
(1.25
m/s)
2.0
For r 6.00
40.0
20.8 rad/s 382
199 rpm
5.0 cm:
(0.0600
0.05 m)

Centripetal Force
Now Centripetal acceleration acp

Hence centripetal force fcp, required to

2 m moving in a
keep an object of mass
v
2
macp
m be
m r
circlef cpofradius
r can
calculated.

Problem 1

W = 5kg
160cm
Track
H

Find (take g=10 m/sec sq.)

1.What is minimum height H from which the ball
should be released so that it will not leave the track

Forces acting on
the ball

Centrifugal
force

2
V
m
r

=mg
Ball will not fall when of both
forces are same & net down
ward force will be zero

Ball will not fall

down when
2
V
m
r = mg

V2 = g
r
V= gr

Centrifugal
force

2
V
m
r

Small loop

Big loop

V= gr
V= 10x 1.6
160cm

V= 4m/sec
Note that V do
not depend on
weight

Roller coaster

Rotating object

drink

PE =KE
mgH = m v2
10*H = 4*4
H = 0.8 m
H

Track

160cm

Example2 : What reading a spring balance will

record at bottom most point during rotation?
(take g=10 m/sec sq.)
m = 5kg

r =10m
1.8m

m = 5kg
1.What weight a
spring balance
will record at
bottom most
point during
rotation?

m = 5kg Spring balance reading

=
Net
down
ward
force
A
= mg + mv2/r
10m

1.8m

B
Weight = mg
PE at A = KE at B

2
V
m
r
Centrifugal force

Spring balance reading

2
=
mg
+
mv
/r
2
1.8x10x m = m x V
= 5 x 10 + (5 x 62 /10)
V = 6 m/sec
= 50 + 18
= 68 N

Problem 3

Angular movement &

Kinetic energy of rotation

Rotation as a Vector
Rotation and other angular motion quantities
are vectors & are defined using the right-hand
rule:
If the fingers of your right hand follow the
rotation direction, then your thumb points along
the rotation axis in the direction of the angular
velocity w.
An alternative definition is that if a right-hand
threaded screw is rotated, then w is in the
direction that the screw advances.

Rotation
as a Vector

The Vector Nature of Rotational Motion

The direction of the angular velocity vector
is along the axis of rotation. A right-hand
rule gives the sign.

The Vector Nature of Rotational Motion

A similar right-hand rule gives the
direction of the torque.


V= Initial velocity
ObjectDirection
move from
A
to
B
of Angular acceleration
in time t sec
Change in velocity
V = V2 V1
V1= Initial velocity
B
V2= Initial velocity

This is centripetal
acceleration

A car is moving on
circular track at velocity
of 14m/sec.Find out
coefficient of friction
between road & car
tiers such that car will
remain on track

N = m*g