Nonc Hordate Evolution

(Non-chordates, Evolution and
Economic Zoology)
Unit-I: - Introduction to classification:
General study of Non-Chordate Phylas
up to Subclass with examples: Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata
and Hemichordata.
PA P ER III
ARTH RO PO D A
Largest Phylum - 900,000 species
bilaterally Symmetrical,
Triploblastic (tube within a tube plan)
Coelomates
Organization with Organ system grade
Body -metamerically segmented - a pair of appendages on each
segment.
Body covered by chitinous cuticle - exoskeleton.
Head - several fused segments with appendages which are modified
to serve as Antennae, mouthparts or pincers (chelicerae). Due to
varied environment, the mouthparts are also of different varieties.
Arthropods have variety of Respiratory Organs
Marine forms have gills Highly vascularized, convoluted, thin
walled tissue suited for gas exchange.
Terrestrial forms have book lungs seen in spiders, or air tubes
called as tracheae which help ion rapid transport of oxygen directly
to the cells of the body.
They possess open circulatory system with a dorsal heart, blood
vessels widening into blood filled spaces called as sinuses.
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Arthropoda
The excretion takes place with special tubules called as Malpighian
tubules.
They possess sense organs of various types;
Antennae or feelers working as tactile organs
Eyes with photoreceptors; in insects the eyes are compound in nature with
many units called as ommatidia.

Statocysts organs of balance
Taste receptors in insets are present in legs
Sound receptors in crickets
Pheromones which help ion chemical communication
Arthropods are Unisexual; generally fertilization is internal but in
some aquatic members it is external. Male deposits sperm in the

female sex organ. Land arthropods show internal fertilization.
Oviparous lay eggs. In Scorpion the eggs hatch inside female
body. Therefore, they appear to give birth to young ones.
Molting: Major character of arthropods success is metamorphosis
big changes in form and physiology that occur in immature stage,
larva and converts it into Adult. Larva and adult differ in not only
appearance but also their diet and environment where they live, thus
reducing competition and enhances chances of survival along with
others
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Arthropoda
CLASSIFICATION
Based on the body divisions and
presence or absence of certain

specific appendages Phylum
Arthropoda has been classified into
five classes;
Class 1. Crustacea:
Class 2. Branchiopoda
Class 3. Cephalocarida
Class 4. Maxillopoda
Class 5. Remipedia
Arthropoda
Subphylum1Trilobitomorpha
Class Trilobita trilobites (extinct)
Trilobites are earliest known groups of
arthropods. The first appearance of trilobites is

around 521million years ago, and they
flourished throughout the lowerPaleozoicera
but during theDevonian, all trilobite orders
exceptProetidadied out. Trilobites finally
disappeared in themass extinctionat the end
of thePermianabout250million years ago.
The trilobites were among the most successful
of all early animals, roaming the oceans for
over 270 million years.
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Arthropoda
Arthropoda
Subphylum 2 Chelicerata
Arachnidaspiders,scorpions, etc.
The subphylum Chelicerataconstitutes one
of the major subdivisions of the phylum

Arthropoda, and includeshorseshoe crabs,
scorpions,spiders,mites,harvestmen,ticks
, andSolifugae. The Chelicerata originated
as marine animals,in the Late Ordovician
period. The surviving marine species
include the four species ofxiphosurans
(horseshoe crabs), and the 1,300species
ofpycnogonids(sea spiders). On the other
hand, there are over 77,000species of airbreathing chelicerates, and there may be
about 500,000unidentified species.
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Examples: horseshoe crabs,scorpions,spiders,mites,

harvestmen,ticks, andSolifugae
Class 1 M erostom atahorseshoe crabs,eurypterids

(extinct)
Merostomatais the name given to a
grouping of the
extinctEurypterida(sea scorpions) and
theXiphosura(horseshoe crabs).
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CLASS 2 PYCNOGONIDA SEA SPIDERS

Sea spiders, also calledPantopodaorpycnogonids,
are marine arthropods of class Pycnogonida. They are
cosmopolitan, found especially in theMediterraneanand
Caribbean Seas, also in theArcticandAntarctic Oceans.
There are over 1300 known species, ranging in size from 1
to 10 millimeters (0.039 to 0.394in) to over 90cm (35in)
in some deep water species.
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Subphylum 3 M yriapoda
Class Chilopodacentipedes
Centipedesbelong to class Chilopodaof the
subphylumMyriapoda. They are elongated &

metameric with one pair of legs per body
segment. Despite the name, centipedes can
have a varying number of legs from under 20
to over 300. Centipedes have an odd number
of pairs of legs (with one exception, e.g. 15
or 17 pairs of legs (30 or 34 legs). Therefore,
there is no centipede with exactly 100 legs. A
key trait of this group is a pair of venom
claws orforcipulesformed from a modified
firstappendage.
Centipedes
are
a
predominantlycarnivorous.
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(Non-chordates, Evolution and

many units called as ommatidia.

Arthropods are Unisexual; generally fertilization is internal but in

some aquatic members it is external. Male deposits sperm in the

presence or absence of certain

Trilobites are earliest known groups of

arthropods. The first appearance of trilobites is

The subphylum Chelicerataconstitutes one

of the major subdivisions of the phylum

Examples: horseshoe crabs,scorpions,spiders,mites,

Class 1 M erostom atahorseshoe crabs,eurypterids

Merostomatais the name given to a

CLASS 2 PYCNOGONIDA SEA SPIDERS

subphylumMyriapoda. They are elongated &

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