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    Valves

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    Sundara Moorthy
    Valves are critical components used to control flow in piping systems. They are classified based on their function, end connections, and material. The main functions of valves are isolation, regulation, and preventing reverse flow. Common types include gate valves, globe valves, ball valves, plug valves, butterfly valves, check valves, and special purpose valves. Valve selection depends on the application requirements like design pressure, temperature, and intended use. Materials used include carbon steel, low temperature carbon steel, stainless steel, and alloys depending on the service conditions.

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    Valves

    Uploaded by

    Sundara Moorthy
    236 views42 pages
    Valves are critical components used to control flow in piping systems. They are classified based on their function, end connections, and material. The main functions of valves are isolation, regulation, and preventing reverse flow. Common types include gate valves, globe valves, ball valves, plug valves, butterfly valves, check valves, and special purpose valves. Valve selection depends on the application requirements like design pressure, temperature, and intended use. Materials used include carbon steel, low temperature carbon steel, stainless steel, and alloys depending on the service conditions.

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    Valves are critical components used to control flow in piping systems. They are classified based on their function, end connections, and material. The main functions of valves are isolation, regulation, and preventing reverse flow. Common types include gate valves, globe valves, ball valves, plug valves, butterfly valves, check valves, and special purpose valves. Valve selection depends on the application requirements like design pressure, temperature, and intended use. Materials used include carbon steel, low temperature carbon steel, stainless steel, and alloys depending on the service conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    236 views42 pages

    Valves

    Uploaded by

    Sundara Moorthy
    Valves are critical components used to control flow in piping systems. They are classified based on their function, end connections, and material. The main functions of valves are isolation, regulation, and preventing reverse flow. Common types include gate valves, globe valves, ball valves, plug valves, butterfly valves, check valves, and special purpose valves. Valve selection depends on the application requirements like design pressure, temperature, and intended use. Materials used include carbon steel, low temperature carbon steel, stainless steel, and alloys depending on the service conditions.

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    of 42

    VALVES

    INTRODUCTION
    Valves are the most important components in any piping
    segment. Estimates real that of a substantial portion,
    approximately 8 10% of the total capital expenditure of
    the process or power industry is used for procurement
    of Valves.
    Valves are classified based on function, end connection
    and material of construction

    FUNCTIONS OF VALVES
    Isolation
    Regulation
    Preventing Reversal of Flow
    Special Purpose

    TYPES OF VALVES
    Based on Functions
    Isolation

    Regulation

    Non Return

    Special Purpose

    Gate Valve

    Globe Valve

    Check
    Valve

    Multi port Valve

    Ball Valve

    Needle Valve

    Flush Bottom
    Valve

    Plug Valve

    Butterfly Valve

    Float Valve

    Piston Valve

    Diaphragm Valve

    Foot Valve

    Diaphragm Valve

    Piston Valve

    Line Blind Valve

    Butterfly Valve

    Pinch Valve

    Knife Gate Valve

    Based on End Connections


    End Connection means the arrangement of attachment
    of the valves to the equipment of piping system
    Screwed Ends
    Socket Welded Ends
    Flanged Ends
    Butt Weld Ends
    Wafer Type Ends

    Based on Material of Construction


    The most commonly available materials are
    Cast Iron
    Ductile Iron
    Carbon Steel
    Stainless Steel
    Alloy Steel
    HDPE, Poly Propylene, Etc.

    GATE VALVES
    They function as block valves
    75% of all valves in process industries are gate
    valves
    Gate valves are not suitable to throttle flow,
    because it will pass maximum flow when it is only
    partially open.
    The end flanges could be integrally cast into the
    body. (Refer ANSI B16.5 for flanged connection)
    There are two types of Port Designs.
    Full Port Design Net area of the bore through the
    seat be nearly as equal to the pipe size.
    Regular Port Design Port Diameter is normally
    one size less than the size of the pipe.

    GATE VALVES

    Flo
    w In

    Flo
    w
    Out

    BALL VALVES
    They function as block valves and flow regulating
    (special design) valves.
    Quarter turn positive shut- off valves.
    Suited for conditions where quick on / off / bubble
    tight shut off is required.
    Soft seats are usually used only for low
    temperature
    Metal seated ball valves are used for high
    temperature services.
    Soft seats are not normally used for throttling
    because of erosion or distortion / displacement
    caused by fluid flow.
    Contd..

    BALL VALVES
    The Pressure-temperature ratings are established
    based on the seating material.
    Offers minimum resistance to flow.
    Two designs are available.
    Regular Port Design Port Diameter will be
    smaller than the pipe inside diameter. Normally the
    port diameter is one size less than the pipe
    diameter.
    Full Port Design In this case the Port Diameter of
    the Valve will be same as that of the inside
    diameter of the Pipe.

    CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW OF


    BALL VALVES

    PLUG VALVES
    Plug Valves are quarter turn positive shutoff valve.
    Well suited for quick on/off and /or Bubble tight
    shutoff.
    Not Normally used for throttling, because soft seats
    are subject to erosion.
    Lesser resultant total pressure drop across the
    valve.
    In certain designs, a low friction Poly Tetra Fluoro
    Ethylene (PTFE) is impregnated on the surface
    structure of the valve plug.
    Contd..

    TYPES OF PLUG VALVES


    Lubricated Metal Seated Plug Valves
    - the lubrication of the seating surface is by means
    of lubricant, which is fed into the operating surface.
    Regular Port Design
    - Teflon sleeved plug valves can have flanged, butt
    welded, screwed or socket weld ends. The
    Pressure classification is same as that specified for
    gate valves.
    Contd..

    PLUG VALVE DESIGN PATTERN


    Regular Pattern
    - they have plug ports generally rectangular and have
    area substantially equal to full bore of the pipe.
    Short Pattern
    - Face to face dimensions corresponding to Gate
    valves.
    Venturi Pattern
    - They have reduced port area. They produce a
    venturi effect to restore a large percentage of velocity
    head loss through the valve and produce a resultant
    total pressure drop of relatively low order.

    Cross Section of a Plug Valve

    BUTTERFLY VALVES
    Butterfly Valves are quarter turn positive shutoff
    valve.
    Major Parts- Body.
    - Disc
    - Shaft
    - Body Seat or Seal
    - Shaft Seal
    - Shaft Bearing
    - Handle
    In certain design soft seats are provided instead of
    linear.
    Contd..

    BUTTERFLY VALVES
    Seats are made of PTFE with certain reinforcement.
    Valves upto 12 NB are operated with Lever
    Higher Diameter valves are provided with gear unit and
    hand wheel.
    These valves are wear resistance.
    Elastomers have higher life expectance than
    conventional metallic seated valves when used in high
    density mineral slurry services.
    Generally used for line sizes > 8.

    Cross Sectional
    Top View

    DIAPHRAGM VALVE
    Diaphragm valves are used for low pressure corrosive services
    as shut off valve.
    These can also be used as control valves.
    Here the diaphragm moves up and down to operate the valve.
    The major parts of diaphragm valves are,
    1.Body
    2.Diaphragm
    3.Bonnet
    4.Stem
    5.Stem bushing
    6.Compressor
    7.Hand wheel
    8.Bonnet bolting.

    GLOBE VALVE
    Globe valves are mainly used to throttle the fluid flow.
    Smaller sizes are hand controlled.
    Application of larger size valves are limited to bypass
    control valve stations.
    Provide relatively tight shut off.
    Valve patterns involve change in flow directions.
    The discs of globe valves shall be flat-faced type,plug
    type,ball type,needle type,port type.
    Commonly used for pipe sizes up to 8
    High pressure drop across valve.

    Cross Section of Globe Valve

    Flo
    w In

    Flo
    w
    Out

    CHECK VALVE
    Check valves prevent flow reversal.
    Typical check valve applications are in pump and
    compressor discharge piping.
    Valves with discs provide lower resistance to flow of
    working fluid than those that contain balls or pistons.
    The later are often used where there is an angular
    change in flow stream.
    Ball and lift check valves are used for sizes 2 and
    smaller.
    Swing check and Plate check valves are used for higher
    pipe sizes.

    SWING CHECK VALVES


    The disc swings freely in the form of an
    arc.
    Valve is kept open by the flow and disc
    seating is accomplished by gravity and/or
    flow reversal.
    When used in vertical lines the flow
    should be upwards only.

    SWING CHECK VALVES

    Flo
    w
    Out

    Flo
    w In

    LIFT CHECK VALVES


    Basic types are piston lift check valve,Ball lift check valve
    etc.,
    Used for sizes to 2.
    Reverse flow forces piston or ball against seat.
    Used to control vertical flow.

    WAFER CHECK VALVES


    Wafer body is a value body
    without flanges. It is also called
    flangeless body.
    Such valves are held between any
    two flanges and held in place by
    compressive force between the
    flange.

    SPECIAL PURPOSE VALVES


    There are certain valves, which perform duties other than
    Isolation, control and check. These are classified as Special
    Purpose Valves. A few of them and their uses are
    Multi-Port Valve Many ports, after flow line.
    Flush Bottom Valves After Flow line.
    Float Valve Control Fluid Level in Reservoir.
    Foot Valves NRV with strainers.
    Line Blind Valves Replace Spectacle Blinds.
    Knife Gate Valves Slurry Services(MSS-SP)

    VALVES SELECTION
    General Procedure for selecting Valve Components
    Identify the necessary design information. This includes
    Design Pressure and Temperature, Valve Function,
    Material, Etc.
    Identify potentially appropriate valve types( i.e Ball,
    Butterfly, etc.)and components based on application and
    function( i.e block, throttle or reverse flow prevention).
    Determine Valve application requirements( i.e. design or
    service limitations).
    Finalize valve selection. Check which factors need
    consideration if two or more valves are suitable.
    Provide a full technical description. This is done by
    specifying the valve type, material, flange rating, etc.

    VALVES MATERIALS
    Valve bodies are produced in almost as many different
    materials as there are available in pipe. Moreover, within
    a valve, a number of different materials are used.
    One point that should be taken care of is that while
    forgings are acceptable in place of castings, the reverse
    may not always be true.
    A careful study of the material would reveal that trim
    material is usually superior to the body / bonnet
    material. Trims mean the moving parts of a valve that
    come in contact with the fluid.
    Contd..

    VALVES MATERIALS
    Among the principal factors which influence the
    performance of trim materials are
    Tensile properties, Chemical Stability and
    Corrosion
    Resistance
    at
    the
    operating
    temperature.
    Hardness and Toughness
    Co-efficient of Expansion which corresponds
    closely to that of the valve body, and
    A difference of sufficient magnitude in the
    properties of a seat and disk facings to prevent
    seizing of their surfaces when slides over the
    other.

    NAME OF
    PART

    CARBON
    STEEL

    LTCS

    3 Ni

    SS

    Body & Bonnet


    (upto 1 )

    A 105

    A350 LF2

    A350 LF2

    A182 Gr F304 /
    F318 / F318 L

    Body & Bonnet


    (2 & above)

    A216 Gr WCB

    A352 Gr LCB

    A352 Gr LC3

    A351 Gr CF8 /
    CF8M

    Bonnet Gasket
    Class 150, 300600, 900 &
    above

    Corrugated soft
    Iron SPW SS304
    + CAF soft Iron
    Ring Joint

    Corrugated
    304 SPW
    SS304 + CAF
    Soft Iron
    Ring Joint

    SPW SS304 +
    CAF 3 % Cr
    Ring Joint

    SPW SS304 +
    CAF
    304/316/316L
    Ring Joint

    Gland Packing

    Graphited
    asbestos with
    Inconel wire

    Asbestos
    Impregnated
    PTFE

    Asbestos
    Impregnated
    PTFE

    Graphited
    asbestos with
    Inconel wire

    Bonnet Bolt

    A193 GrB7

    A320 GrL7

    A320 GrL7

    A193 GrB7

    Bonnet Nut

    A194 Gr2H

    A194 Gr4

    A194 Gr4

    A194 Gr2H

    Stem (no
    casting)

    13% Cr

    18 / 8 SS

    18 / 8 SS

    SS304 / 316 /
    316L

    Other Trim
    Material

    13% Cr
    (Stellited for
    600# & above)

    Stellited

    Stellited

    SS304 / 316 /
    316L

    TERMS USED FOR VALVE SPECIFICATION


    Pressure Temperature Ratings
    It is the maximum allowable sustained non shock
    pressure at the corresponding tabulated temperature.
    These are listed in ANSI B16.34 and ANSI B16.5.
    Class
    The valve is specified by the pressure rating of the body
    of the valves. The American Standard specifies the
    following classes
    150#, 300 #, 600 #, 900 #, 1500 #, 2500 #, 800 # and
    4500 #.
    Contd..

    TERMS USED FOR VALVE SPECIFICATION


    Trim
    Trim is composed of Stem, Seat Surfaces, Back Seat
    Bushing and other small internal parts that normally
    contact the surface fluid. The table below indicates trim of
    common types of valves. API 650 specifies the materials
    that can be used with typical specification.
    TRIM PARTS ON COMMON VALVES
    GATE

    GLOBE

    SWING
    CHECK

    LIFT CHECK

    Stem

    Stem

    Seat Ring

    Disc Guide

    Seat Ring

    Seat Ring

    Disc Holder

    Seat Ring

    Wedge Ring Disc Nut

    Side Plug

    Bushing

    Holder Pin,
    Disc Nut
    Pin

    Bushing

    TERMS USED FOR VALVE SPECIFICATION


    Pressure Drop
    Pressure drop is the loss of pressure through resistance
    across the valve while flowing, and is expressed in terms
    of equivalent length in pipe diameters.
    Wire Drawing
    This term is used to indicate the premature erosion of the
    valve seat caused by excessive velocity between seat
    and seat disc. An erosion pattern is left as if wire had
    been drawn between the seat and seat disc. Excessive
    velocity can occur when valve is not closed tightly, which
    leads to erosion. Disc of harder material are to be closed
    carefully to prevent wire drawing

    VALVES TYPES FOR SPECIFIC SERVICES


    Service

    Main

    Secondary

    Gases

    Butterfly Valves
    Check Valves
    Diaphragm Valves
    Lubricated Plug valves
    Screw down stop valves

    Pressure Control Valves


    Pressure Reducing Valves
    Pressure Relief Valves
    Safety Valves
    Relief Valves

    Liquids, clear
    up to sludges
    and sewage

    Butterfly Valves
    Screw down stop valves
    Gate Valves
    Lubricated Plug Valves
    Diaphragm Valves
    Pinch Valves

    -----

    Slurries and
    liquids heavily
    contaminated
    with solids

    Butterfly Valves
    Pinch Valves
    Gate Valves
    Screw down stop valves
    Lubricated Plug Valves

    -----

    Steam

    Butterfly Valves
    Gate Valves
    Screw down stop valves
    Turbine Valves

    Check Valves
    Pressure Control Valves
    Presuperheated Valves
    Safety and Relief Valves

    DESIGN AND TESTING STANDARDS


    TYPE OF VALVE

    DESIGN
    STANDARDS

    TESTING
    STANDARDS

    GATE < 2
    2

    API 602
    API 600

    API 598
    API - 598

    GLOBE < 2
    2

    BS 5352
    BS 1873

    BS 6755 (I)
    BS 6755 (I)

    CHECK < 2
    2

    BS 5352
    BS 1868

    BS 6755 (I)
    BS 6755 (I)

    BALL

    BS 5351 / API 6D

    BS 6755 / API 607

    PLUG

    BS 5353

    BS 6755 (I)

    BUTTERFLY

    BS 5155 / MNF STD

    BS 6755 (I)

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