CPCS 202 Programming I

Computer Science Department

College of Computing and Information Technology
King Abdul Aziz University

Introduction to Java
Programming, Comprehensive
(8th Edition),
Y. Daniel Liang,

Prentice Hall

Introduction

1-2

Chapter 1 Introduction to
Program Design &
Problem-Solving
Techniques, Programs, and Java

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807

Objectives

To review Program Design & Problem-Solving

Techniques.
To explore the relationship between Java and the World
Wide Web (1.5).
To distinguish the terms API, IDE, and JDK (1.6).
To write a simple Java program (1.7).
To display output on the console (1.7).
To explain the basic syntax of a Java program (1.7).
To create, compile, and run Java programs (1.8).
(GUI) To display output using the JOptionPane output
dialog boxes (1.9).
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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Program Design &

Problem-Solving
Techniques
5

How Do We Write a Program?

A Computer is not intelligent.

It cannot analyze a problem and come up with a solution.
A human (the programmer) must analyze the problem, develop
the instructions for solving the problem, and then have the
computer carry out the instructions.
To write a program for a computer to follow, we must go through a
two-phase process: problem solving and implementation.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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Problem-Solving Phase

Analysis and Specification- Understand (define) the

problem and what the solution must do.

General Solution (Algorithm)- Specify the required

data types and the logical sequences of steps that
solve the problem.

Verify- Follow the steps exactly to see if the solution

really does solve the problem.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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Implementation Phase

Concrete Solution (Program)- Translate the algorithm

(the general solution) into a programming language.

Test- Have the computer follow the instructions.

Then manually check the results.
If you find errors, analyze the program and the
algorithm to determine the source of the errors,
and then make corrections.

Once a program is tested, it enters into next phase

(maintenance).

Maintenance requires Modification of the program to

meet changing requirements or to correct any errors
that show up while using it.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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Steps in
program development

Steps in Program Development

1.

Define the problem into three separate

components:
inputs
outputs
processing steps to produce required outputs.

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10

Steps in Program Development

2.

Outline the solution.

Decompose the problem to smaller steps.
Establish a solution outline.

3.

Develop the outline into an algorithm.

The solution outline is now expanded into an
algorithm.

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11

Steps in Program Development

4.

Test the algorithm for correctness.

Very important in the development of a program,
but often forgotten
Major logic errors can be detected and corrected
at an early stage.

5.

Code the algorithm into a specific

programming language.
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Steps in Program Development

6.

Run the program on the computer.

This step uses a program compiler and
programmer-designed test data to machinetest the code for

7.

syntax errors
logic errors

Document and maintain the program.

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13

Algorithms & Flowcharts

14

What is an algorithm?
Lists

the steps involved in accomplishing a task

(like a recipe)
An algorithm must:
Be lucid (clear), precise and unambiguous
Give the correct solution in all cases
Eventually end

What is pseudocode?
Structured

English (formalized and abbreviated to

look like high-level computer language)
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15

Pseudocode & Algorithm

Example 1: Write an algorithm to

determine a students final grade and
indicate whether it is passing or failing. The
final grade is calculated as the average of
four marks.

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16

Pseudocode & Algorithm

Pseudocode:
Input a set of 4 marks
Calculate their average by summing and dividing
by 4
if average is below 50
Print FAIL
else
Print PASS

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17

Pseudocode & Algorithm

Detailed Algorithm
Step 1:
Input M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 2:
GRADE (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
Step 3:
if (GRADE < 50) then
Print FAIL
else
Print PASS
endif

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18

Flowchart

A graphical representation of the sequence of operations in an

information system or program.

Program flowcharts show the sequence of instructions in a

single program or subroutine.
shows logic of an algorithm
emphasizes individual steps and their interconnections
e.g. control flow from one action to the next
Note: Different symbols are used to draw each type of
flowchart.

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19

Flowchart Symbols
Name

Symbol

Use in Flowchart

Oval

Denotes the beginning or end of the program

Parallelogram

Denotes an input operation

Rectangle

Denotes a process to be carried out

e.g. addition , subtraction , division etc .

Diamond

Denotes a decision (or branch ) to be made .

The program should continue along one of
two routes . (e.g. IF/THEN/ELSE)

Hybrid

Denotes an output operation

Flow line

Denotes the direction of logic flow in the program

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20

Example 1
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to
convert the length in feet to centimeter.
Pseudocode:
Input the length in feet (Lft)
Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by
multiplying LFT with 30
Print length in cm (LCM)

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21

Example 1
Algorithm
Step 1: Input Lft
Step 2: Lcm Lft x 30
Step 3: Print Lcm

Flowchart
START

Input
Lft

Lcm

Lft x 30

Print
Lcm

STOP

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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22

Example 2
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that
will read the two sides of a rectangle and
calculate its area.
Pseudocode
Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a rectangle
Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L with W
Print A

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23

Example 2
Algorithm
Step 1: Input W,L
Step 2: A L x W
Step 3: Print A

START

Input
W, L

LxW
Print
A

STOP
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24

Example 3

Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will

calculate the roots of a quadratic equation
ax 2 bx c 0

Hint: d = sqrt ( b 2 4ac ), and the roots are: x1

= (b + d)/2a and x2 = (b d)/2a

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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25

Example 3
Pseudocode:
Input the coefficients (a, b, c) of the
quadratic equation
Calculate d
Calculate x1
Calculate x2
Print x1 and x2

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26

Example 3

Algorithm:

Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:

Input a, b, c
d sqrt ( b b 4 a c )
x1 (b + d) / (2 x a)
x2 (b d) / (2 x a)
Print x1, x2

START

Input
a, b, c

sqrt(b x b 4 x a x c)
x1

(b + d) / (2 x a)

X2

(b d) / (2 x a)
Print
x1 ,x2

STOP

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27

Decision Structures

The expression A>B is a logical expression

it describes a condition we want to test
if A>B is true (if A is greater than B) we take the
action on left
print the value of A
if A>B is false (if A is not greater than B) we take
the action on right
print the value of B

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rights reserved. 0132130807

28

Decision Structures

Y
Print A

is
A>B

N
Print B

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29

IFTHENELSE
STRUCTURE
The structure is as follows
If condition then
true alternative
else
false alternative
End if

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30

IFTHENELSE
STRUCTURE
The algorithm for the flowchart is as
follows:
If A>B then
print A
Y
N
is
A>B
else
print B
Print A
Print B
endif

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31

Relational Operators
Relational Operators

Operator

Description

>

Greater than

<

Less than

Equal to

Greater than or equal to

Less than or equal to

Not equal to

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32

Example 4
Write an algorithm that reads two values, determines the
largest value and prints the largest value with an
identifying message.
ALGORITHM
Step 1:
Input VALUE1, VALUE2
Step 2:
if (VALUE1 > VALUE2) then
MAX VALUE1
else
MAX VALUE2
endif
Step 3:
Print The largest value is, MAX

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33

Example 4
START

Input
VALUE1,VALUE2

MAX

is
VALUE1>VALUE2

VALUE1

MAX

VALUE2

Print
The largest value is, MAX

STOP
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34

Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language

High-Level Language

Machine language is a set of primitive instructions

built into every computer. The instructions are in
the form of binary code, so you have to enter binary
codes for various instructions. Program with native
machine language is a tedious process. Moreover
the programs are highly difficult to read and
modify. For example, to add two numbers, you
might write an instruction in binary like this:
1101101010011010
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35

Programming Languages
Machine Language

Assembly Language

High-Level Language

Assembly languages were developed to make programming

easy. Since the computer cannot understand assembly
language, however, a program called assembler is used to
convert assembly language programs into machine code.
For example, to add two numbers, you might write an
instruction in assembly code like this:
ADDF3 R1, R2, R3
Assembly Source File

ADDF3 R1, R2, R3

Machine Code File

Assembler

1101101010011010

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Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language

High-Level Language

The high-level languages are English-like and easy to learn

and program. For example, the following is a high-level
language statement that computes the area of a circle with
radius 5:
area = 5 * 5 * 3.1415;

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37

Popular High-Level Languages

COBOL (COmmon

Business Oriented Language)

FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)
BASIC (Beginner All-purpose Symbolic Instructional Code)
Pascal (named for Blaise Pascal)
Ada (named for Ada Lovelace)
C (whose developer designed B first)
Visual Basic (Basic-like visual language developed by Microsoft)
Delphi (Pascal-like visual language developed by Borland)
C++ (an object-oriented language, based on C)
C# (a Java-like language developed by Microsoft)
Java (We use it in the book)
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Compiling Source Code

A program written in a high-level language is called a
source program. Since a computer cannot understand a
source program. Program called a compiler is used to
translate the source program into a machine language
program called an object program. The object program is
often then linked with other supporting library code before
the object can be executed on the machine.
Source File

Compiler

Machine-language
File

Linker

Executable File

Library Code

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39

Why Java?
The answer is that Java enables users to develop and
deploy applications on the Internet for servers, desktop
computers, and small hand-held devices. The future of
computing is being profoundly influenced by the Internet,
and Java promises to remain a big part of that future. Java
is the Internet programming language.
Java

is a general purpose programming language.

Java

is the Internet programming language.

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40

Java, Web, and Beyond

Java

can be used to develop Web

applications.
Java Applets
Java Web Applications
Java can also be used to develop applications
for hand-held devices such as Palm and cell
phones

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41

Examples of Javas Versatility (Applets)

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42

PDA and Cell Phone

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43

Javas History

James Gosling and Sun Microsystems

Oak

Java, May 20, 1995, Sun World

HotJava
The first Java-enabled Web browser

Early History Website:

http://java.sun.com/features/1998/05/birthday.html

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44

Companion
Website

Characteristics of Java

Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance
Java Is Multithreaded
Java Is Dynamic
www.cs.armstrong.edu/liang/intro8e/JavaCharacteristics.pdf
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Companion
Website

Characteristics of Java

Java is partially modeled on C++, but greatly

Java Is Simple
simplified and improved. Some people refer to
Java Is Object-Oriented Java as "C++--" because it is like C++ but
with more functionality and fewer negative
Java Is Distributed
aspects.
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance
Java Is Multithreaded
Java Is Dynamic

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rights reserved. 0132130807

46

Companion
Website

Characteristics of Java

Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance
Java Is Multithreaded
Java Is Dynamic

Java is inherently object-oriented.

Although many object-oriented languages
began strictly as procedural languages,
Java was designed from the start to be
object-oriented. Object-oriented
programming (OOP) is a popular
programming approach that is replacing
traditional procedural programming
techniques.
One of the central issues in software
development is how to reuse code. Objectoriented programming provides great
flexibility, modularity, clarity, and
reusability through encapsulation,
inheritance, and polymorphism.

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rights reserved. 0132130807

47

Companion
Website

Characteristics of Java

Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance
Java Is Multithreaded
Java Is Dynamic

Distributed computing involves several

computers working together on a network.
Java is designed to make distributed
computing easy. Since networking
capability is inherently integrated into
Java, writing network programs is like
sending and receiving data to and from a
file.

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48

Companion
Website

Characteristics of Java

Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance
Java Is Multithreaded
Java Is Dynamic

You need an interpreter to run Java

programs. The programs are compiled into
the Java Virtual Machine code called
bytecode. The bytecode is machineindependent and can run on any machine
that has a Java interpreter, which is part of
the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

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rights reserved. 0132130807

49

Companion
Website

Characteristics of Java

Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance
Java Is Multithreaded
Java Is Dynamic

Java compilers can detect many problems

that would first show up at execution time
in other languages.
Java has eliminated certain types of errorprone programming constructs found in
other languages.
Java has a runtime exception-handling
feature to provide programming support
for robustness.

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Companion
Website

Characteristics of Java

Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java implements several security
Java Is Robust
mechanisms to protect your system against
harm caused by stray programs.
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance
Java Is Multithreaded
Java Is Dynamic
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rights reserved. 0132130807

51

Companion
Website

Characteristics of Java

Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance
Java Is Multithreaded
Java Is Dynamic

Write once, run anywhere

With a Java Virtual Machine (JVM),
you can write one program that
will run on any platform.

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rights reserved. 0132130807

52

Companion
Website

Characteristics of Java

Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Because Java is architecture
Java Is Portable
neutral, Java programs are
Java's Performance
portable. They can be run on any
platform without being
Java Is Multithreaded
recompiled.
Java Is Dynamic
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Companion
Website

Characteristics of Java

Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Javas performance Because Java
Java Is Portable
is architecture neutral, Java
Java's Performance
programs are portable. They can
be run on any platform without
Java Is Multithreaded
being recompiled.
Java Is Dynamic
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807

54

Companion
Website

Characteristics of Java

Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance
Multithread programming is smoothly
Java Is Multithreaded integrated in Java, whereas in other
languages you have to call
Java Is Dynamic
procedures specific to the operating
system to enable multithreading.

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Companion
Website

Characteristics of Java

Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java was designed to adapt to an
Java's Performance
evolving environment. New code can be
loaded on the fly without recompilation.
Java Is Multithreaded
There is no need for developers to create,
Java Is Dynamic
and for users to install, major new
software versions. New features can be
incorporated transparently as needed.
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JDK Versions

JDK 1.02 (1995)

JDK 1.1 (1996)
JDK 1.2 (1998)
JDK 1.3 (2000)
JDK 1.4 (2002)
JDK 1.5 (2004) a. k. a. JDK 5 or Java 5
JDK 1.6 (2006) a. k. a. JDK 6 or Java 6
JDK 1.7 (possibly 2010) a. k. a. JDK 7 or Java 7

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JDK Editions

Java Standard Edition (J2SE)

J2SE can be used to develop client-side standalone
applications or applets.

Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)

J2EE can be used to develop server-side applications
such as Java servlets and Java ServerPages.

Java Micro Edition (J2ME).

J2ME can be used to develop applications for mobile
devices such as cell phones.

This book uses J2SE to introduce Java

programming.
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Popular Java IDEs

NetBeans Open Source by Sun

Eclipse Open Source by IBM

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A Simple Java Program

Listing 1.1
//This program prints Welcome to Java!
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
Welcome
Run

IMPORTANT NOTE: (1) To enable the buttons, you must

download the entire slide file slide.zip and unzip the files
into a directory (e.g., c:\slide) . (2) You must have installed
JDK and set JDKs bin directory in your environment path
(e.g., c:\Program Files\java\jdk1.6.0_14\bin in your
environment path.

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Creating and Editing Using NotePad

To use NotePad, type
notepad Welcome.java
from the DOS prompt.

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Creating and Editing Using WordPad

To use WordPad, type
write Welcome.java
from the DOS prompt.

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Creating, Compiling, and

Running Programs
Create/Modify Source Code

Source code (developed by the programmer)

public class Welcome {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

Byte code (generated by the compiler for JVM

to read and interpret, not for you to understand)

Method Welcome()
0 aload_0

Method void main(java.lang.String[])

0 getstatic #2
3 ldc #3 <String "Welcome to
Java!">
5 invokevirtual #4
8 return

Saved on the disk

Source Code

Compile Source Code

i.e., javac Welcome.java
If compilation errors
stored on the disk

Bytecode

Run Byteode
i.e., java Welcome

Result
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Education,
Inc. All
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or incorrect
result
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63

Compiling Java Source Code

You can port a source program to any machine with appropriate
compilers. The source program must be recompiled, however, because
the object program can only run on a specific machine. Nowadays
computers are networked to work together. Java was designed to run
object programs on any platform. With Java, you write the program
once, and compile the source program into a special type of object
code, known as bytecode. The bytecode can then run on any computer
with a Java Virtual Machine, as shown below. Java Virtual Machine is
a software that interprets Java bytecode.
Java Bytecode
Java Virtual
Machine
Any
Computer

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64

animation

Trace a Program Execution

Enter main method

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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rights reserved. 0132130807

65

animation

Trace a Program Execution

Execute statement

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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66

animation

Trace a Program Execution

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

print a message to the

console
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67

Two More Simple Examples

Welcome1

Run

ComputeExpression

Run

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Companion
Website

Supplements on the
Companion Website

See

Supplement I.B for installing and

configuring JDK
See Supplement I.C for compiling and
running Java from the command window for
details
www.cs.armstrong.edu/liang/intro8e
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69

Companion
Website

Set

Compiling and Running Java

from the Command Window
path to JDK bin directory

set path=c:\Program Files\java\jdk1.6.0\bin

Set

classpath to include the current directory

set classpath=.
Compile

javac Welcome.java
Run

java Welcome
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70

Compiling and Running Java

Companion
Website
from TextPad

See Supplement II.A on the Website for details

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71

Companion
Website

Compiling and Running Java

from JBuilder

See Supplement II.H on the Website for details

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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72

Companion
Website

Compiling and Running

Java from NetBeans

See Supplement I.D on the Website for details

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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73

Anatomy of a Java Program

Comments
Reserved

words

Modifiers
Statements
Blocks
Classes
Methods
The

main method
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807

74

Comments
Three types of comments in Java.
Line comment: A line comment is preceded by two
slashes (//) in a line.
Paragraph comment: A paragraph comment is enclosed
between /* and */ in one or multiple lines.

javadoc comment: javadoc comments begin with /**

and end with */. They are used for documenting
classes, data, and methods. They can be extracted
into an HTML file using JDK's javadoc command.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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75

Reserved Words
Reserved words or keywords are words that have a
specific meaning to the compiler and cannot be used for
other purposes in the program. For example, when the
compiler sees the word class, it understands that the word
after class is the name for the class. Other reserved words
in Listing 1.1 are public, static, and void. Their use will
be introduced later in the book.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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76

Modifiers
Java uses certain reserved words called modifiers that
specify the properties of the data, methods, and
classes and how they can be used. Examples of
modifiers are public and static. Other modifiers are
private, final, abstract, and protected. A public datum,
method, or class can be accessed by other programs. A
private datum or method cannot be accessed by other
programs. Modifiers are discussed in Chapter 6,
Objects and Classes.
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rights reserved. 0132130807

77

Statements
A statement represents an action or a sequence of actions.
The statement System.out.println("Welcome to Java!") in
the program in Listing 1.1 is a statement to display the
greeting "Welcome to Java!" Every statement in Java
ends with a semicolon (;).

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807

78

Blocks
A pair of braces in a program forms a block that groups
components of a program.

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

Class block
Method block

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rights reserved. 0132130807

79

Classes
The class is the essential Java construct. A class is a
template or blueprint for objects. To program in Java, you
must understand classes and be able to write and use
them. The mystery of the class will continue to be
unveiled throughout this book. For now, though,
understand that a program is defined by using one or
more classes.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807

80

Methods
What is System.out.println? It is a method: a collection
of statements that performs a sequence of operations to
display a message on the console. It can be used even
without fully understanding the details of how it works. It
is used by invoking a statement with a string argument.
The string argument is enclosed within parentheses. In
this case, the argument is "Welcome to Java!" You can
call the same println method with a different argument to
print a different message.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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81

main Method
The main method provides the control of program flow.
The Java interpreter executes the application by invoking
the main method.
The main method looks like this:

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Statements;
}
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82

Displaying Text in a Message

Dialog Box
you can use the showMessageDialog method in the
JOptionPane class. JOptionPane is one of the many
predefined classes in the Java system, which can be
reused rather than reinventing the wheel.

WelcomeInMessageDialogBox
Run

IMPORTANT NOTE: To enable the buttons, you must

download the entire slide file slide.zip and unzip the
files into a directory (e.g., c:\slide) .
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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83

The showMessageDialog Method

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,
"Welcome to Java!",
"Display Message",
JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);

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84

Two Ways to Invoke the Method

There are several ways to use the showMessageDialog
method. For the time being, all you need to know are
two ways to invoke it.
One is to use a statement as shown in the example:
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, x,
y, JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);

where x is a string for the text to be displayed, and y is

a string for the title of the message dialog box.
The other is to use a statement like this:
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, x);

where x is a string for the text to be displayed.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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85