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Basics of Power System Protection

Power system protection aims to detect faults, isolate faulted components, and restore faulted components while maintaining continued supply to the rest of the system and protecting faulted parts from damage. Protection is achieved through defined protection zones for generators, transformers, buses, transmission lines, motors, and other equipment. Zones have overlapping protection to avoid blind spots, and zones provide primary protection while backup protection takes over if primary protection fails.

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4K views17 pages

Basics of Power System Protection

Power system protection aims to detect faults, isolate faulted components, and restore faulted components while maintaining continued supply to the rest of the system and protecting faulted parts from damage. Protection is achieved through defined protection zones for generators, transformers, buses, transmission lines, motors, and other equipment. Zones have overlapping protection to avoid blind spots, and zones provide primary protection while backup protection takes over if primary protection fails.

Uploaded by

muaz_aminu1422
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Power System Protection

Why do we need system protection:


Detect fault
Isolate faulted component
Restore faulted component

Aims:
Continued supply for rest of system
Protect faulted part from damage

Power System Protection

Protection Zones
1. Generator or Generator-Transformer Units
2. Transformers
3. Buses
4. Lines (transmission and distribution)
5. Utilization equipment (motors, static loads, etc.)
6. Capacitor or reactor (when separately protected)
Bus zone
Unit Generator-Tx zone

Bus zone
Line zone

Bus zone
Motor zone

Transformer zone

Transformer zone

~
Generato
r

XFMR

Bus

Line

XFMR

Bus

GE Consumer & Industrial


Multilin

Bus

Motor

Zones of Protection
Zones are defined for:
Generators
Transformers
Buses
Transmission and distribution lines
Motors

Zones of Protection
For fault anyway within the zone, the
protection system responsible to
isolate everything within the zone
from the rest of the system.
Isolation done by CB
Must isolate only the faulty
equipment or section

Zones of Protection

Overlapped of Protection
No blind spot:
Neighboring zones are overlapped to
avoid the possibility of unprotected
areas

Use overlapping CTs:


Isolation done by CB. Thus, it must be
inserted in each overlap region to
identify the boundary of protective
zones.

Overlapped of Protection
Overlap accomplish by having 2 sets of
instrument transformers and relays for each
CB.
Achieved by the arrangement of CT and CB.

Zone Overlap
1.

Overlap is accomplished by the locations of CTs, the key source for


protective relays.

2.

In some cases a fault might involve a CT or a circuit breaker itself,


which means it can not be cleared until adjacent breakers (local or
remote) are opened.
Relay Zone A

Zone A

Relay Zone B

Relay Zone A

Zone B

Zone A

Relay Zone B

Zone B

CTs are located at both sides of


CB-fault between CTs is cleared from both

CTs are located at one side of


CB-fault between CTs is sensed by both

remote sides

relays, remote right side operate only.

Primary & Back-up


Protection
Primary protection is the protection
provided by each zone to its
elements.
However, some component of a zone
protection scheme fail to operate.
Back-up protection is provided which
take over only in the event of
primary protection failure.

Power System Protection


Selection of protective relays requires compromises:
Maximum and Reliable protection at minimum
equipment cost
High Sensitivity to faults and insensitivity to
maximum load currents
High-speed fault clearance with correct selectivity
Selectivity in isolating small faulty area
Ability to operate correctly under all predictable
power system conditions
11

GE Consumer & Industrial


Multilin

Power System Protection


Cost of protective relays should be balanced
against risks involved if protection is not
sufficient and not enough redundancy.
Primary objectives is to have faulted zones
primary protection operate first, but if there
are protective relays failures, some form of
backup protection is provided.
Backup protection is local (if local primary
protection fails to clear fault) and remote (if
remote protection fails to operate to clear
fault)

Power System Protection


Economy
Simplicity
Speed
Reliability
Sensitivity

Selectivity

Power System Protection


Reliability
Operate dependably and in healthy operating
condition when fault conditions occur, even after
remaining idle for months or years.

Selectivity
Clearly discriminate between normal and
abnormal system condition to avoid unnecessary,
false trips.

Sensitivity
Ability to distinguish the fault condition, although
the different between fault and normal condition
is small.

Power System Protection


Speed
Fault at any point in the system must be
detected and isolated rapidly to minimize fault
duration and equipment damage. Any
intentional time delays should be precise.

Economy
Provide maximum protection at minimum cost

Simplicity
Minimize protection equipment and circuitry

Power System Protection

Power System Protection

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