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General Introduction of Machine Tools

This document provides an overview of machine tools and their components. It discusses that machine tools are powered devices that use mechanisms to cut or shape material into precise sizes and forms. They hold cutting tools and workpieces rigidly to improve accuracy. Common elements of machine tools include bases, prime movers, transmission mechanisms, workholding devices, and toolholding mechanisms. Accuracy depends on factors like strength, rigidity, wear resistance, and damping capacity. Machine tools can use individual drives with dedicated motors or group drives with a central line shaft powering multiple machines.

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Somenath Raha
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50 views

General Introduction of Machine Tools

This document provides an overview of machine tools and their components. It discusses that machine tools are powered devices that use mechanisms to cut or shape material into precise sizes and forms. They hold cutting tools and workpieces rigidly to improve accuracy. Common elements of machine tools include bases, prime movers, transmission mechanisms, workholding devices, and toolholding mechanisms. Accuracy depends on factors like strength, rigidity, wear resistance, and damping capacity. Machine tools can use individual drives with dedicated motors or group drives with a central line shaft powering multiple machines.

Uploaded by

Somenath Raha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION of MACHINE

TOOLS

Tools
It is the part in contact with the job
for doing different operation or
generation of surfaces is called tool.
It may be classified according to the
power supplied to it as a) Hand tools
and b) Machine tools.

Hand
tools

Hand tools are tools which are held and used by the
hand for shaping and sizing the work. There is no
mechanism in them. The quality and accuracy of
the job depends on the performance of the
operator. For example Files, Saw, Chisel etc. are
the Machine
hand tools

tools

Machine tool is a device provided with mechanisms


which enable a cutting tool up on a piece of
material to produce the desire shape and size by
cutting away material in the form of chips.
Generally for such operations hand power is
insufficient and prime mover is used to supply
power to the machine. In most of the cases both the
job and the tool held rigidly with the machine.
Lathe, Drilling machine, Boring machine etc. are the

MACHIN
E
A machine is a combination of mechanisms
intended for transference, transformation or
utilization of energy. e. g. Printing press.

MECHANISM
A mechanism is used to transfer or transform
motion from one element into another.

CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE
TOOLS

COMMON ELEMENTS OF MACHINE


TOOL

A machine tool must have the following elements


Base and Frame: This is the skeleton of the machine tool. Strength
and rigidity of the machine tool primarily depends on the construction of
its base and frame and hence accuracy and quality of surface finish also
depends on it.
Prime mover: Prime mover is the source of power to be supplied to
the machine during its operation. Generally electric motor is used for this
purpose.
Transmission mechanism: It is the process by which power from the
prime mover is transmitted to the desired places in the machine tool to
perform the required operations.
Job holding devices: In each machine tool provisions must be there to
hold the job rigidly in the desired position so that machining operations
can be performed by the machine tool easily.
Tool holding mechanism: Suitable tool holding mechanism must
present in the machine tool so that the tool can be removed and fitted
easily and also provide desired rigidity.

PURPOSE OR FUNCTION OF
MACHINE TOOL
It gives desired shape and size of the job by
removing all excess material in the form of chip.
It holds and supports the job to be machined.
It holds and supports the tool used for
machining.
It regulates proper relative motion between the

ACCURACY OF MACHINE TOOL


Accuracy of a machine tool primarily
depends on the following factors
1. Strength : All parts of the machine tools must have sufficient
strength to withstand the cutting force.
2. Rigidity : It is property by virtue of which it resist deformation
under external load. So all parts of the machine tool must have
sufficient rigidity for higher accuracy.
3. Wear Resistance : In every machine tools, job-tool relative
movement is there. Naturally wearing of the guide ways
reduces accuracy of the machine. So especially the guide ways
of the machine tolls must have high wear resistance capacity.
4. Damping capacity : Damping is the phenomenon of absorbing
vibrations. Machine tool parts especially the base and frame
must possess high damping characteristic.

TYPES OF MACHINE TOOL DRIVE

Machine
tool
drive
is
the
transmission
system
through
which power of the prime mover is
transmitted
to
the
different
required places of the machine
tool and thereby helps in material
removing.
Generally
following
drives are used for transmission of
power in machine tools

TYPES OF MACHINE TOOL DRIVE


Mechanical Drive: Almost every machine tool the
source of power is an electric motor. The power of
such motor is transmitted to the tool or job or to the
both through different mechanical drives. Gear, Chin
& Sprocket, Belt & Pulley, Rack & Pinion etc. are the
example of mechanical drives.

Electrical Drive: Though the main source of


power is an electric motor but sometimes in machine
control of electrical power controls the power
received at the job or tool or both. Such drives are
called electrical drive.
Hydraulic Drive: Sometimes hydraulic drives are
used to control of the job or tool or both. Such drives
are called as hydraulic drive.

ELEMENTS OF MACHINE
TOOL DRIVE

MACHINE TOOLS DRIVES


1. Individual Drive or Self Contained Drive :

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

In this system each


machine has its own
prime mover. Generally
electric motor and starter
is used for this purpose.
Power of the motor is
directly transmitted to
the machine by belt or
chain or coupling. Now a
days
this
system
becomes orvery
Considerable economy in power transmission
loss ofpopular
because of the following
power for transmission is less.
advantages
Failure of motor cause a particular machine
idle, not the
entire work shop.
Good control of speed and power.
Wide range of speeds is available.
Less work hazard.
Easy in maintenance.

MACHINE TOOLS DRIVES


In case of group drive one high
capacity motor is used to drive
all the machines present in the
shop floor. In this system the
motor drives one line shaft or
lay shaft or main shaft. Power
from this shaft is transmitted to
the machine counter shaft
through loose pulley & fast
pulley and flat belt. Thus
running and stopping of a
Loss of power is more.
particular machine is possible.
In case of motor failure, This
all system
the
has low initial cost
machines become idle.
but at the same time it has got
Work hazard is more.
following disadvantages
Variation of speed and power is
limited.
Layout
of
the
shop
floor
is
complicated.
During replacement of belt for a

2. Group Drive :

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

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