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Sets (Mathematics)

1. A set is a collection of distinct objects called elements that are written within curly brackets. Sets can be finite or infinite depending on the number of elements. 2. Some key properties of sets include that the order of elements does not matter, each element is written only once, and membership is indicated using the symbol ∈. Common sets include natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and real numbers. 3. There are several operations that can be performed on sets including union, intersection, difference, and complement. The union of two sets contains all elements that are in either set. The intersection is the set of elements common to both sets. The difference is the elements in one set that are not

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189 views19 pages

Sets (Mathematics)

1. A set is a collection of distinct objects called elements that are written within curly brackets. Sets can be finite or infinite depending on the number of elements. 2. Some key properties of sets include that the order of elements does not matter, each element is written only once, and membership is indicated using the symbol ∈. Common sets include natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and real numbers. 3. There are several operations that can be performed on sets including union, intersection, difference, and complement. The union of two sets contains all elements that are in either set. The intersection is the set of elements common to both sets. The difference is the elements in one set that are not

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aasraj
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Set Concepts

By Shanzeh Asif
CLASS VIII

Definition of set
A set is a well defined collection of
objects.
Individual objects in set are called as
elements of set.
e. g.1. Collection of even numbers
between 10 and 20.
2. Collection of flower or bouquet.

Properties of Sets
1 Sets are denoted by capital letters.
Set notation : A ,B, C ,D
2. Elements of set are denoted by
small letters.
Element notation : a,d,f,g,
For example SetA= {x,y,v,b,n,h,}

3 If x is element of A we can write as


xA
i.e x belongs to set A.
4. If x is not an element of A we can write as
xA
i.e x does not belong to A
e.g If Y is a set of days in a week then

Monday A
and January A

5 Each element is written once.

6 Set of Natural no. represented by-N,


Whole no by- W ,Integers by Z, Rational no
by-Q, Real no by- R
7 Order of element is not important.
i.e set A can be written as
{ 1,2,3,4,5,} or as {5,2,3,4,1}
There is no difference between two.

Set Representation
There are two main ways of
representing sets.
1. Roaster method or Tabular method.
2. Set builder method or Rule method

Types of set
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Empty set
Finite set
Infinite set
Equal set
Equivalent set
Subset Universal set

Equal sets
Two sets k and R are called equal if
they have equal numbers and of similar
types of elements.
For e.g. If k={1,3,4,5,6}

R={1,3,4,5,6} then both


Set k and R are equal.
We can write as Set K=Set R

Empty sets
A set which does not contain any elements
is called as Empty set or Null or Void set.
Denoted by or { }
e.g. Set A= {set of months containing
32 days}
Here n (A)= 0; hence A is an empty set.
e.g. set H={no of cars with three wheels}
Here n (H)= 0; hence it is an empty set.

Finite set
Set which contains definite no of
element.

e.g. Set A= {,,,}


Counting of elements is fixed.
Set B = { x|x is no of pages in a
particular book}
Set T ={ y|y is no of seats in a bus}

Infinite set
A set which contains indefinite
numbers of elements.
Set A= { x|x is a of whole numbers}
Set B =

{y|y is point on a line}

Subset
Sets which are the part of
another set are called subsets of
the original set. For example, if
A={3,5,6,8} and B ={3,5,6}
then B is a subset of A it is
represented as BA
Every set is subset of itself i.e A

Empty set is a subset of


every set. i.e A

.3
.5
.6.
.8

.3
.5
.6

Universal set
The universal set is the set of all
elements pertinent to a given
discussion
It is designated by the symbol U
e.g. Set A ={Days of week}.
Set B= {Saturday, Sunday}
Set C= {Name of Months}
Set U= {Calendar of the year} each of
these sets are Subset of universal
set U

Operation on Sets

Intersection of sets
Union of sets
Difference of two sets
Complement of a set

Intersection of sets
Let A and B be two sets. Then the set
of all common elements of A and B is
called the Intersection of A and B and
is denoted by AB

Let A={1,2,3,7,11,13}}
B={1,7,13,4,10,17}}

Then a set C= {1,7,13} contains the


elements common to both A and B

Hence AB is represented by shaded


part in Venn diagram.
Thus AB={x|xA and xB}

Union of sets
Let A and B be two given
sets then the set of all
elements which are in
the set A or in the set B
is called the union of two
sets and is denoted by
AUB and is read as A
union B. If one of the
element is common or
more than one then it is
Union ofSet A= {1, 2, 3,4,5,6,}
written in
U {0, 2, 4, 6}
overlapping set
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6} is the union of AUB

Difference of two sets


1. The difference of set A- B is
set of all elements of A
which does not belong to B.
2. In set builder form
difference of set is:A-B= {x: xA xB}
B-A={x: x B xA}
e.g SetA ={ 1,4,7,8,9}
Set B= {3,2,1,7,5}
Then A-B = { 4,8,9}

Disjoint sets

Sets that have no


common members are
called disjoint sets.
Example: Given that
U=
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
setA={1,2,3,4,5}
setC={ 8,10}
No common elements
hence set A and C are
disjoint set.

THANK YOU

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