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Operating System: Rahul Saha

The document discusses key topics about operating systems including: 1. It defines an operating system as a program that manages computer resources and provides interfaces to allow users to execute programs and access hardware functions. 2. The main functions of an operating system are described as process management, memory management, file management, security, and command interpretation. 3. Multiprogramming, multitasking, multiprocessing, and time-sharing concepts are introduced as ways for operating systems to improve throughput by executing multiple processes concurrently.

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rahulsaha1986
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121 views

Operating System: Rahul Saha

The document discusses key topics about operating systems including: 1. It defines an operating system as a program that manages computer resources and provides interfaces to allow users to execute programs and access hardware functions. 2. The main functions of an operating system are described as process management, memory management, file management, security, and command interpretation. 3. Multiprogramming, multitasking, multiprocessing, and time-sharing concepts are introduced as ways for operating systems to improve throughput by executing multiple processes concurrently.

Uploaded by

rahulsaha1986
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating System

Presented By….
Rahul Saha
PGDM-(09-11)
Section –B
Definition of OS & Need of OS
Ø It is an integrated set of programs that
controls the resources(the CPU, memory, I/O
devices, etc.) of a computer System.

It also provides its users with an interface
or virtual machinethat is more convenient to
use than the bare machine.
Ø Two primary objectives of an OS are:
Ø
o Making a computer system convenient to us

o Managing the resources of a computer system




Main Functions of an OS

 Process management

 Memory management

 File management

 Security

 Command interpretation

 
Logical Architecture of a
Computer System

The operating system
layer hides the details of
Computer hardware from
the programmer and
provides the programmer
with convenient
interface

for using the system

Parameters for Measuring System
Performance
üThroughput: Amount of work that the system
is able to do per unit time

üTurnaround time: Interval from the time of
submission of a job to the system for
processing to the time of completion of the
job

üResponse time: Interval from the time of


submission of a job to the system for
processing to the time the first response for
the job is produced by the system


Process Management
A process (also called job) is a program in
execution.

 Process management manages the processes


submitted to a system in a manner to
minimize idle time of processors (CPUs, I/O
processors, etc.) of the system

Multiprogramming
 Uniprogramming: Only one job is
processed at a time and all
system resources are available
exclusively for the job until its
completion.
 Multiprogramming: Interleaved
execution of two or more different
and independent programs by
computer.
 Types of Multiprogramming:
 Multiprogramming with fixed
tasks (MFT): Fixed number of
jobs can be processed
concurrently.
 Multiprogramming with variable
tasks (MVT):Number of jobs can
vary. Area occupied by each
job residing simultaneously in
the main memory is known as
memory partition.
Requirements of Multiprogramming
Systems

 Large memory
 Memory protection
 Job status
preservation
 Proper job mix (CPU
and I/O bound
jobs)
 CPU scheduling

Multitasking

 Interleaved execution of multiple jobs (often


referred to as tasks of same user) in a single-
user system.
 Computer systems used for multitasking are
uniprocessor systems (having only one CPU).
 Treated differently from multiprogramming that
refers to interleaved execution of multiple
jobs in a multi-user system


Multithreading

 Thread is basic unit of CPU utilization.


threads share a CPU in the same way as
processes do.
 All threads of a process also share the same
set of operating system resources.
 All threads of a process inherit parent’s
address space and security parameters.
 Each thread of a process has its own program
counter, its own register states, and its
own stack.
 Referred as mini-process or lightweight
process.

Multithreading System

(a)Single-threaded and (b) multithreaded


processes. A single-threaded process


corresponds to a process of a traditional
operating system.
Multiprocessing

 System with two or more CPUs having ability to execute


multiple processes concurrently.
 Multiple CPUs are used to process either instructions from
different and independent programs or different
instructions from the same program simultaneously.
 Types of multiprocessing:
ü Tightly-coupled: Single system-wide primary memory shared
by all processors.
ü Loosely-coupled: Each processor has its own local memory



Time-sharing
 Simultaneous interactive use of a computer system by
many users in such a way that each one feels that
he/she is the sole user of the system.
 User terminals connected to the same computer
simultaneously.
 Uses multiprogramming with a special CPU scheduling
algorithm.
 Short period during which a user process gets to use
CPU is known as time slice, time slot, or quantum.
 CPU is taken away from a running process when the
allotted time slice expires.

Memory Management

 Memory management
module:
 Keeps track of parts
of memory in use
and parts not in
use
 Allocates memory to
processes as
needed and
deallocates when
no longer needed

Multiprogramming Memory Models

With variable number


With fixed number of
of memory Partition
Memory Partition
Virtual Memory

 Memory management Virtual Memory Realization


scheme that allows  On-line secondary storage


execution of 
processes that  Swapping
might not be 

completely loaded  Demand paging


in the main 
memory
 It does not require
the entire process
to be in memory
before the process
can execute

File Management

 A file is a collection of related information.


Ø
Ø File Access Methods:-
Ø Sequential access
Ø Random access
Ø File Operations
Ø
Ø File Naming
Ø
Ø File Extensions :- .bas; .c; .jpg etc.

.

Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø

Security
 User authentication: Deals with the problem of
verifying the identity of a user (person or
program)before permitting access to the requested
resource

 Access Control: Once authenticated, access control


mechanisms prohibit a user/process from accessing
those resources/information that he/she/it is not
authorized to access

 Cryptography: Means of encrypting private


information so that unauthorized access cannot use
information

Example of Operating Systems
vUnix OS
vMS-Dos
vMicrosoft Windows
qWindows 98
qWindows 2000
qWindowsNT
v

v




Thank you

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