ELECTRICAL MACHINE

EEP 3243

Lt Cdr Ong Khye Liat RMN

9 Feb 2010

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RECAP/ADDITION

2
 Voltage Regulation

Where
ENL = secondary voltage at no load
EFL = secondary voltage at full-load

3
Open Circuit Test
Where
Pm = active power absorbed by core
Sm = EpIo = apparent power absorbed by core
Qm = reactive power absorbed by core

Core loss, resistance Rm

Magnetizing reactance Xm

4
Short Circuit Test
• Total transformer impedance referred to
primary side

• Total transformer resistance referred to

primary side

• Total transformer leakage reactance referred

to primary side

5
 Losses and Transformer Rating
• Transformer has losses as following:
– I2R losses in the windings
– Hysteresis and eddy current losses in the core
– Stray losses due to current induced in the tank and metal
supports by leakage fluxes.
• Power rating of a transformer is equal to En X In of
primary or secondary winding.

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 Efficiency of A Transformer
• The efficiency of any machine can be defined as ratio of
its output to input,

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The Typical Per-unit Values
of Transformer

Zpu= Zactual / Zbase (and

so for V, I, S)
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Transformers in Parallel

In order that the temperature rise be the

same for both transformers, the currents
must be proportional to the respective
kVA ratings.

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 Special Transformers
• Some transformers are designed to meet specific
industrial applications like, distribution systems, neon
signs, laboratories, induction furnaces and high-frequency
applications.

• They are special but still possess the basic properties of

standard transformers.

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 Cont.
The approximations can be made when the transformers are
under load:
–  Voltage induced in a winding is directly proportional to the number of
turns, frequency and the flux in the core.
– Primary ampere-turns are equal and opposite to the secondary ampere-
turns.
– Input apparent power is equal to output apparent power.
– The exciting current in the primary winding may be neglected.

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Dual-Voltage Distribution Transformer
• Transformer that supply electrical
power to residential areas have 2
secondary winding connected in
series.
• Total voltage between the lines is
240V while that between the line
and the center tap is 120V.
• The center tap called neutral and
always connected to ground.

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Cont.
• The nominal rating of these
distribution transformers ranges
from 3 kVA to 500 kVA to supply
power to as many as 20 houses.
• The load on distribution
transformers varies greatly
throughout the day, depending on
customer demand.
• Low-loss silicon steel is used in the
core to keep the no-load losses
small.

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Autotransformer
• Autotransformer is an electrical
transformer with only one winding.
• The winding has at least three electrical
connection points. The voltage
source and the load are each connected
to two taps. One tap at the end of the
winding is a common connection to both
circuits (source and load).
• Each tap corresponds to a different
source or load voltage.

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Cont.
• In an autotransformer a portion of the
same winding acts as part of both the
primary and secondary winding.
• The ratio of secondary to primary
voltages is equal to the ratio of the
number of turns of the winding they
connect to. For example, connecting
at the middle and bottom of the
autotransformer will halve the
voltage.

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Cont.

• Induced voltage between

these terminal is
proportional to the number
of turns, E2 is,

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Cont.
• If a load connected across the CA, the
resulting I2 immediately causes I1 to
flow.
• According to Kirchhoff's current law,
CA carries a current (I2-I1).
• mmf due to I1 must be equal and
opposite to mmf produced by (I2-I1) so:

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Cont.
• The apparent power drawn by load
equal to the source apparent
power,

•  Both criteria are identical to

standard transformer having a turns
ratio, a.
• Autotransformer are always
smaller, lighter and cheaper than
standard transformer with equal
power output.

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PROBLEM 1

19
Conventional Transformer Connected as
an Autotransformer
• A conventional 2 winding transformer can be
changed into an autotransformer by connecting the
primary and secondary windings in series.

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 Conts.
The following rules apply whenever a conventional transformer is
connected as autotransformer:
• Current in any winding should not exceed its nominal current
rating.
• Winding voltage should not exceed its nominal voltage rating.
• If rated current flows in 1 winding, rated current will automatically
flow in the other winding (ampere-turns of the windings are equal).

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 Conts.
• If rated voltage exists across 1 winding, rated voltage automatically
exists across the other winding (same mutual flux links both
windings).
• If current in winding flows from H1 to H2, the current in other
winding must flow from X2 to X1 and vice versa.
• The voltages add when terminals of opposite polarity are
connected together. The voltages subtract when H1 and X1 are
connected together.

22
Cont.

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 Example
• The standard single-phase transformer shown in
Fig below has a rating of a 15kVA, 600 V/120 , 60
Hz.

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 Cont.
We whish to reconnect it as an autotransformer in 3 different
ways to obtain 3 different voltage ratios:
– 600 V primary to 480 V secondary
– 600 V primary to 720 V secondary
– 120 V primary to 480 V secondary
Calculate the maximum load the transformer can carry in
each case.

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 Solution
• Nominal current of the 600 V winding is

• Nominal current of the 120 V winding is

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 Cont.
a. To obtain 480 V, the secondary voltage must
subtract from primary voltage. So we connect
terminals having the same polarity together.

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 Cont.
• Note that the current in the LV winding
is the same as that in the load. And
this winding has a nominal current
rating of 125 A.
• The apparent power supplied by the
source is equal to that absorbed by
the load:

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 Cont.
b. To obtain a ratio of 600 V/720 V, the secondary voltage
must add to the primary voltage. So, terminals of
opposite polarity must be connected together.

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 Cont.
c. To obtain the desired ratio of 120 V to 480 V, the
secondary voltage must subtract from primary voltage
but the source is connected to terminals LV.

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 Conclusion
• A conventional transformer can connected as an
autotransformer, it can supply a load far greater or lower
than the rated capacity of the transformer.
• The temperature rise is the same in each configuration at
different load because the winding currents and losses
are identical.

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Variable Autotransformer
• A varisble autotransformer is often
used when we wish to obtain a
variable ac voltage from a fixed
voltage ac source.
• This transformer composed of a single
layer toroidal core winding, a movable
carbon brush in sliding contact with
the winding serves a s a variable tap.
• The brush can be manual or
motorized set.

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 Cont.
• E1 is usually connected to fixed
90% tap, this enable E2 to vary
from 0 to 110% of the input
voltage.
• The secondary line should always
be protected by a fuse or circuit
breaker so that the output I2 never
exceeds the current rating.

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 Cont.
Variable
autotransformer
rated at 200 A, 0-240
V, 50 Hz/60 Hz. It is
composed of eight 50
A, 120 V units,
connected in series-
parallel. This
motorized unit can
vary the output
A variable autotransformer, with a sliding- voltage from zero to
brush secondary connection and a toroidal 240 V in 5 s.
core.

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 Autotransformer Application
• In audio applications, tapped autotransformers are used to adapt
speakers to constant-voltage audio distribution systems, and for
impedance matching such as between a low-impedance
microphone and a high-impedance amplifier input.
• In railway applications, it is common to power the trains at 25 kV
AC. To increase the distance between electricity supply Grid
feeder points they can be arranged to supply a 25-0-25 kV supply
with the third wire (opposite phase) out of reach of the train's
overhead collector pantograph.

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 Cont.
• Used in power applications to interconnect systems
operating at different voltage classes, for example 138 kV
to 66 kV for transmission.
• On long rural power distribution lines, special
autotransformers with automatic tap-changing equipment
are inserted as voltage regulators, so that customers at
the far end of the line receive the same average voltage
as those closer to the source.

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 Limitation
• The absence of electrical isolation between the
primary and secondary windings is a serious
drawback in some application because a failure of
the insulation or the windings of an autotransformer
can result in full input voltage applied to the output.

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PROBLEM 2

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END OF PART 7

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