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    Immunization

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    Citra Sucipta
    This document discusses immunization and vaccination. It covers active and passive immunization. There are three main types of vaccines - live vaccines which contain live attenuated microorganisms, killed vaccines which contain inactivated pathogens, and genetically engineered vaccines like DNA and RNA vaccines. Vaccines can be administered in different ways like intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, orally, or through nasal/rectal/vaginal routes. The document also discusses contraindications to vaccination, adverse reactions, simultaneous administration of vaccines, serologic testing, and vaccination schedules for adults and pediatrics.

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    Immunization

    Uploaded by

    Citra Sucipta
    5K views46 pages
    This document discusses immunization and vaccination. It covers active and passive immunization. There are three main types of vaccines - live vaccines which contain live attenuated microorganisms, killed vaccines which contain inactivated pathogens, and genetically engineered vaccines like DNA and RNA vaccines. Vaccines can be administered in different ways like intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, orally, or through nasal/rectal/vaginal routes. The document also discusses contraindications to vaccination, adverse reactions, simultaneous administration of vaccines, serologic testing, and vaccination schedules for adults and pediatrics.

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    This document discusses immunization and vaccination. It covers active and passive immunization. There are three main types of vaccines - live vaccines which contain live attenuated microorganisms, killed vaccines which contain inactivated pathogens, and genetically engineered vaccines like DNA and RNA vaccines. Vaccines can be administered in different ways like intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, orally, or through nasal/rectal/vaginal routes. The document also discusses contraindications to vaccination, adverse reactions, simultaneous administration of vaccines, serologic testing, and vaccination schedules for adults and pediatrics.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    5K views46 pages

    Immunization

    Uploaded by

    Citra Sucipta
    This document discusses immunization and vaccination. It covers active and passive immunization. There are three main types of vaccines - live vaccines which contain live attenuated microorganisms, killed vaccines which contain inactivated pathogens, and genetically engineered vaccines like DNA and RNA vaccines. Vaccines can be administered in different ways like intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, orally, or through nasal/rectal/vaginal routes. The document also discusses contraindications to vaccination, adverse reactions, simultaneous administration of vaccines, serologic testing, and vaccination schedules for adults and pediatrics.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 46

    Immunization

    Victor, MD
    BIMC Hospital
    2009

    Immunology of Vaccination
    Active immunization
    Passive immunization

    Active Immunization
    Three main categories of vaccines
    can be defined:
    Live vaccines
    Killed vaccines
    Genetically engineered
    vaccines (DNA-, RNA-vaccines,
    transgenic plants)

    Live Vaccines
    Contain live attenuated
    microorganism still capable of
    replicating within the host (vaccinee)
    Single vaccine can induce
    longterm or long life protection

    Killed Vaccine
    The vaccines for some viruses and
    most bacteria are inactivated (killed)
    whole cell or subunit preparations
    incapable of replicating within the
    vaccinee

    DNA-vaccines
    The injection (via gene guns) of
    naked DNA encoding for a specific
    vaccine antigen

    Passive Immunization
    Immediate protection against a
    specific infection proves to be
    necessary
    Hyperimmunoglobulins are usually
    recommended for intramuscular
    (i.m.) administration followed by
    peak serum antibody levels about 48
    to 72 h after administration.

    Techniques of vaccine
    administration
    Intramuscular vaccinations are used
    for adjuvant-containing, potentially
    irritating antigens (e.g.
    tetanus/diphtheria vaccine)
    Administration by subcutaneous
    injection is preferred for live viral
    vaccines, to lessen the discomfort
    due to local inflammation (e.g. yellow
    fever vaccine

    Intradermal injection, such as for BCG vaccine


    requires careful technique to avoid
    inadvertent subcutaneous antigen injection
    and consequent diminished immunologic
    response.
    The oral route of administration is used for
    certain vaccines where the stimulation of
    intestinal IgA and other mucosal immune
    mechanisms defend against the pathogenesis
    of infection (e.g. oral polio vaccine, oral
    typhoid vaccine, oral cholera vaccine

    Vaccines for administration by nasal,


    rectal and vaginal routes are under
    investigation

    Intramuscular injection site for infants and toddlers (birth to 36 months of age). Insert needle at an
    8090 degree angle into vastus lateralis muscle in anterolateral aspect of middle or upper thigh.

    Intramuscular injection site for older toddlers, children and adults.


    Insert needle at an 8090 degree angle into the densest portion of
    deltoid muscle above armpit and below acromion.

    Angle of needle insertion for intramuscular


    injection

    Simultaneous administration of
    different vaccines
    tabel

    Serologic testing before and


    after immunizations
    In the case of high-priced vaccines
    (Hep A and B) cost-effective to test
    immunity status prior to vaccination
    Checking post-vaccination antibody
    titer for healthy vaccinees is
    generally indicated only after
    hepatitis B and rubella vaccine

    Adverse Reaction

    CONTRAINDICATIONS TO
    VACCINATIONS
    allergic reactions occurring immediately
    after vaccination are very suggestive of
    an anaphylactic reaction and act as a
    contraindication for follow-up vaccinations
    persons with history of systemic
    anaphylactic-like symptoms after egg
    ingestion who need yellow fever vaccine
    may be skin tested before vaccination
    and desensitized.

    Local delayed-type hypersensitivity


    reactions, such as allergic response
    to neomycin, are not
    contraindications for vaccinations
    if fever (38C, 100F) or clinical
    symptoms suggest serious illness,
    immunizations should be delayed
    after disease recovery

    Vaccinations during pregnancy are not


    recommended unless specifically
    indicated
    Live vaccines, particularly rubella and
    varicella vaccine, are contraindicated
    3 months before and during pregnancy
    Breast-feeding poses no
    contraindication for either vaccine

    False Contraindication for


    Vaccination

    Pre Vaccination Checklist

    Adult Immunization

    Recommended US routine
    immunization schedule for
    adults

    Pediatric Immunization

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