1. DC machines operate based on the principles of electromagnetic force and motional voltage induced when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field.
2. DC machines come in different types depending on how the armature and field windings are connected, including shunt, series, and separately excited machines.
3. Speed in DC motors can be controlled through various methods including adjusting the armature voltage, field current, and armature resistance to vary the electromagnetic torque and motor speed.
1. DC machines operate based on the principles of electromagnetic force and motional voltage induced when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field.
2. DC machines come in different types depending on how the armature and field windings are connected, including shunt, series, and separately excited machines.
3. Speed in DC motors can be controlled through various methods including adjusting the armature voltage, field current, and armature resistance to vary the electromagnetic torque and motor speed.
1. DC machines operate based on the principles of electromagnetic force and motional voltage induced when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field.
2. DC machines come in different types depending on how the armature and field windings are connected, including shunt, series, and separately excited machines.
3. Speed in DC motors can be controlled through various methods including adjusting the armature voltage, field current, and armature resistance to vary the electromagnetic torque and motor speed.
1. DC machines operate based on the principles of electromagnetic force and motional voltage induced when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field.
2. DC machines come in different types depending on how the armature and field windings are connected, including shunt, series, and separately excited machines.
3. Speed in DC motors can be controlled through various methods including adjusting the armature voltage, field current, and armature resistance to vary the electromagnetic torque and motor speed.
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DC Machines
DC Machines
A DC Machine
Armature along with
the commutator
Significant Features of DC Machines
Conventional DC generators are being replaced by the solid state rectifiers where ac supply is available. The same is not true for dc motors because of Constant mechanical power output or constant torque Rapid acceleration or deceleration Responsiveness to feedback signals
1W to 10,000 hp Applications in electric vehicles to extend their range and reduce vehicle weight, in steel and aluminum rolling mills, traction motors, electric trains, overhead cranes, control devices, etc.
Introduction Electromagnetic Energy Conversion: 1.
2.
When armature conductors move in a magnetic field produced
by the current in stator field winding, voltage is induced in the armature conductors. When current carrying armature conductors are placed in a magnetic field produced by the current in stator field winding, the armature conductors experience a mechanical force.
These two effects occur simultaneously in a DC machine
whenever energy conversion takes place from electrical to mechanical or vice versa.
Electromagnetic Force, f
f=Bli, where B, f and i are mutually perpendicular. Turn
the current vector i towards the flux vector B. If a right hand screw is turned in the same way, the direction in which the screw will move represents the direction of the force f.
Motional Voltage, e
e=Blv, where B, v and e are mutually perpendicular. The
polarity of the induced voltage can be determined from the right hand screw rule. Turn the vector v towards the vector B. If a right hand screw is turned in the same way the motion of the screw will indicate the direction of positive polarity of the induced voltage e.
Constructional Features of DC Machines
Commutator along with the armature on the rotor Salient-pole on the stator and, except for a few smaller machines, commutating poles between the main poles. Field windings (as many as 4): Two fields that act in a corrective capacity to combact the detrimental effects of armature reaction, called the commutating (compole or interpole) and compensating windings, which are connected in series with the armature. Two normal exciting field windings, the shunt and series windings
Schematic Connection Diagram of a DC Machine
Equivalent Circuit of a DC Machine
If
Ia_gen If
Ia_mot
+ Vf
Rf
Ra +
Vt
Rf
Ra Vt Ea
Ea
IL
Ia -
Vf I f Rf Vt Ea I a Ra
Generated emf and Electromagnetic Torque
Vf I f Rf Motor: Vt > Ea Vt Ea I a Ra Generator: Vt > Ea Voltage generated in the armature circuit due the flux of the stator field current
Ea K a d m Ka: design constant Electromagnetic torque
Te K a d I a
Pem Ea I a Te m
Comparison between the Shunt and Series Connected DC Machines
Armature Reaction
If a load is connected to the terminals of the dc
machine, a current will flow in its armature windings. This current flow will produce a magnetic field of its own, which will distort the original magnetic field from the machines field poles. This distortion of the magnetic flux in a machine as the load is increased is called the armature reaction.
Types of DC Machines Both the armature and field circuits carry direct current in the case of a DC machine.
Types: Self-excited DC machine: when a machine supplies its own excitation of the field windings. In this machine, residual magnetism must be present in the ferromagnetic circuit of the machine in order to start the self-excitation process. Separately-excited DC machine: The field windings may be separately excited from an eternal DC source. Shunt Machine: armature and field circuits are connected in parallel. Shunt generator can be separately-excited or self-excited. Series Machine: armature and field circuits are connected in series.
Separately-Excited and Self-Excited DC Generators
If
IL +
If + DC Supply
Ra Rf
Vt
Rf
Ra Vt Ea
Ea
Ia
Separately-Excited
IL
Self-Excited
Example 1 A 100-kW, 250-V DC shunt generator has an armature resistance of 0.05 and field circuit resistance of 60 . With the generator operating at rated voltage, determine the induced voltage at (a) full load, and (b) half-full load.
Solution to Example 1 (a) At full load, Vt=Ea-IaRa If=250/60=4.17 A IL_FL=100,000/250=400 A Ia=IL_FL+If=400+4.17=404.17 A Ea=Vt+IaRa=250+404.17*0.05=270.2 V (b) At half load, If=250/60=4.17 A IL_HL=50,000/250=200 A Ia=IL_HL+If=200+4.17=204.17 A Ea=Vt+IaRa=250+204.17*0.05=260.2 V
DC Generator Characteristics
In general, three characteristics specify the steady-state
performance of a DC generators: 1. Open-circuit characteristics: generated voltage versus field current at constant speed. 2. External characteristic: terminal voltage versus load current at constant speed. 3. Load characteristic: terminal voltage versus field current at constant armature current and speed.
DC Generator Characteristics
The terminal voltage of a dc
generator is given by Vt E a I a Ra
f I f , m Armature reaction drop
I a Ra
Open-circuit and load characteristics
DC Generator Characteristics
It can be seen from the external
characteristics that the terminal voltage falls slightly as the load current increases. Voltage regulation is defined as the percentage change in terminal voltage when full load is removed, so that from the external characteristics,
E a Vt Voltage regulation 100 Vt
External characteristics
Self-Excited DC Shunt Generator
Maximum permissible value of the field resistance if the terminal voltage has to build up.
Schematic diagram of connection
Open-circuit characteristic
Speed Control in DC Motors
N. Chowdhury of U of Saskatchewan
Speed Control in DC Motors
Shunt motor: Electromagnetic torque is Te=Ka d Ia, and the conductor emf is Ea=Vt - RaIa. Te K a d m Vt K a d Vt TR m e a2 K a d K a d
Ra
For armature voltage control: Ra and If are constant
m K1Vt K 2Te
For field control: Ra and Vt are constant
m
Vt Ra
KfIf KfIf
T 2 e
For armature resistance control: Vt and If are constant
m
Ra Radj Vt
Te K a d K a d 2
Speed Control in Shunt DC Motors
Armature Voltage Control: Ra and If are kept constant and the armature terminal voltage is varied to change the motor speed. m K1Vt K 2Te K1
1 1 ; K2 ; d is const . 2 K a d K a d
For constant load torque, such as applied by an
elevator or hoist crane load, the speed will change linearly with Vt. In an actual application, when the speed is changed by varying the terminal voltage, the armature current is kept constant. This method can also be applied to series motor.
Speed Control in Shunt DC Motors
Field Control: Ra and Vt are kept constant, field rheostat is varied to change the field current. m
Vt Ra
KfIf KfIf
Te
For no-load condition, Te=0. So, no-load speed varies
inversely with the field current. Speed control from zero to base speed is usually obtained by armature voltage control. Speed control beyond the base speed is obtained by decreasing the field current. If armature current is not to exceed its rated value (heating limit), speed control beyond the base speed is restricted to constant power, known as constant power application. P Vt I a const Ea I a Te m Te
Ea I a const .
m m
Speed Control in Shunt DC Motors
Armature Resistance Control: Vt and If are kept constant at their rated value, armature resistance is varied. m
Ra Radj Vt
Te K 5 K 6Te 2 K a d K a d
The value of Radj can be adjusted to obtain
various speed such that the armature current Ia (hence torque, Te=KadIa) remains constant. Armature resistance control is simple to implement. However, this method is less efficient because of loss in Radj. This resistance should also been designed to carry armature current. It is therefore more expensive than the rheostat used in the field control method.
Speed Control in Series DC Motors
Armature Voltage Control: A variable dc voltage can be applied to a series motor to control its speed. A variable dc voltage can be obtained from a power electronic converter. d K s I a
Vt Ea I a Ra Rs
K a d m I a Ra Rs
K a K s I a m I a Ra Rs Ia
Vt K a K s m Ra Rs
Torque in a series motor can be expressed as
Te K a d I a K a K s I a2
K a K sVt2
K K a
or , m
s m
Ra Rs 2
Vt R Rs Vt a
Te K a K s Ka K s Te K a K s
Speed Control in Series DC Motors
Field Control: Control of field flux in a sries motor is achieved by using a diverter resistance. The developed torque can be expressed as.
Rd 2 I a KI a2 Rs Rd Rd where , K K a K s and Rs Rd
Te K a d I a K a K s
Rs Rd I a I a Ra Rs Rd K a d m I a Rs I a Ra
Vt Ea
K a K sI a m Rs Ra I a Km Rs Ra I a or , I a
Vt Km Rs Ra
Speed Control in Series DC Motors
Vt
Te K K
m s a
Speed Control in Series DC Motors
Armature Resistance Control: Torque in this case can be expressed as Te
KVt2
Ra Radj Rs Km 2
Rae is an external resistance connected in series with
the armature. For a given supply voltage and a constant developed torque, the term (Ra+Rae+Rs+Km) should remain constant. Therefore, an increase in Rae must be accompanied by a corresponding decrease in m.
Ra Radj Rs Km
KVt2
Te
or , Ra Radj Rs Km
K Vt Te
Ra Radj Rs Vt or , m
KTe K
Power Division in DC Machines
Arm. copper loss Ia2Ra+brush contact loss Input from DC Generator prime-mover
Elec-magnetic
Arm. terminal
Output power
Power =EaIa
power = Vta Ia
= V t IL
No-load rotational loss (friction
+windage+core)+stray load loss
Series field loss IL2Rs
+shunt field loss If2Rf
Arm. copper loss
Ia2Ra+brush contact loss Input power from DC Motor mains =V I t L
Arm. terminal
Elec-magnetic
Output available
power = Vta Ia
Power =EaIa
at the shaft
Series field loss IL2Rs
+shunt field loss If2Rf
No-load rotational loss (friction
+windage+core)+stray load loss
Efficiency Power Output Power Input Power Input Losses
Power Input Losses 1 Power Input
The losses are made up of rotational losses (3-15%), armature
circuit copper losses (3-6%), and shunt field copper loss (1-5%). The voltage drop between the brush and commutator is 2V and the brush contact loss is therefore calculated as 2Ia.
