Short-Circuit Analysis IEC Standard
Short-Circuit Analysis IEC Standard
Short-Circuit Analysis IEC Standard
IEC Standard
CORTO CIRCUITO
Caractersticas principales:
automtica
de
Slide 2
Purpose of Short-Circuit
Studies
A Short-Circuit Study can be used to determine
any or all of the following:
Verify protective device close and latch capability
Verify protective device interrupting capability
Protect equipment from large mechanical forces
(maximum fault kA)
I2t protection for equipment (thermal stress)
Selecting ratings or settings for relay coordination
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
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Fault Current
IL-G can range in utility systems from a few percent to
possibly 115 % ( if Xo < X1 ) of I3-phase (85% of all faults).
In industrial systems the situation IL-G > I3-phase is rare.
Typically IL-G .87 * I3-phase
In an industrial system, the three-phase fault condition
is frequently the only one considered, since this type of
fault generally results in Maximum current.
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 5
Short-Circuit Phenomenon
v(t)
i(t)
v(t) Vm Sin( t )
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 6
v(t)
i(t)
di
v(t) Ri L Vm Sin(t ) (1)
dt
Solving equation 1 yields the following expression
R
- t
Vm
Vm
i(t)
sin(t - )
sin( - ) e L
Z
Z
Steady State
Transient
(DC Offset)
Slide 7
DC Current
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Machine Reactance ( = L I )
AC Decay Current
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IEC Short-Circuit
Calculation (IEC 909)
Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current (I"k)
Peak Short-Circuit Current (ip)
Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current
(Ib)
Steady-State Short-Circuit Current (Ik)
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 12
IEC Short-Circuit
Calculation Method
Ik = Equivalent V @ fault location divided by
equivalent Z
Equivalent V is based bus nominal kV and c
factor
XFMR and machine Z adjusted based on
cmax, component Z & operating conditions
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 13
Transformer Z Adjustment
KT -- Network XFMR
KS,KSO Unit XFMR for faults on system side
KT,S,KT,SO Unit XFMR for faults in auxiliary
system, not between Gen & XFMR
K=1 Unit XFMR for faults between Gen &
XFMR
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
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Types of Short-Circuits
Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit
This is a short-circuit condition to which at least
one synchronous machine contributes a
prospective initial short-circuit current which is
more than twice the generators rated current, or
a short-circuit condition to which synchronous
and asynchronous motors contribute more than
5% of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current
( I"k) without motors.
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 16
Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit
Slide 17
Types of Short-Circuits
Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit
This is a short-circuit condition during which the
magnitude of the symmetrical ac component of
available short-circuit current remains essentially
constant.
Slide 18
Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit
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Types of Short-Circuits
When these options
are selected
Maximum voltage factor is used
Minimum impedance is used (all negative
tolerances are applied and minimum
resistance temperature is considered)
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 22
Types of Short-Circuits
When this option is
selected
Minimum voltage factor is used
Maximum impedance is used (all positive
tolerances are applied and maximum
resistance temperature is considered)
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
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Calculation Method
Breaking kA is more
conservative if the option
No Motor Decay is
selected
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L-G Faults
Slide 29
L-G Faults
Symmetrical Components
Slide 30
Sequence Networks
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I a 2 I a1
3 VPr efault
If
Z1 Z 2
Slide 33
Z1
Z0 Z 2
if Zg 0
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