C++ Dev Bootcamp 2014 Day 4 (C++11 and STL)
Gunjan Kumar | Computer Scientist
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Agenda C++ Dev Bootcamp Day 4
History, Why C++11
C++11 New Keywords
auto, nullptr
rValue references, move constructor, std::move
decltype, static_assert
STL Containers, Iterators
Sequence Container
Associative Container
string
lambda expression
Smart Pointers (shared, weak and unique pointer)
STL Algorithms
sort, find, binary_search
for_each
References
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C++11 Introduction
C++ Dev Bootcamp 2014 Day 4
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History of C++11
In 1979 Bjarne Stroustrup was doing work for his Ph.D. thesis, he got
opportunity to work on Simula. He liked the language and shortly after
he started to work on C with Classes.
In 1983, C with Classes is renamed to C++
In 1998, C++ standard committee published first international standard
for C++. This was informally knows as C++98
In 2003, C++03 reviewed the C++98 standard from programmer
points of view.
In 2005, the C++ standards committee released a technical report
(dubbed TR1) detailing various features they were planning to add to
the latest C++ standard. The new standard was informally dubbed C+
+0x.
In 2011, new C++ standard was finished dubbed C++11
In 2014, C++14 is a small extension over C++11
In 2017, new C++ standard is planned.
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C++ Basics (Copied from Bjarne Stroustrup slide)
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Why C++11
C++11 makes code dramatically easier, cleaner to write, and
faster.
No raw pointer operation that means no crash or memory leak.
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C++11 New Keywords
C++ Dev Bootcamp 2014 Day 4
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Auto
The auto specifier is a placeholder for a type to be deduced
The auto type-specifier signifies that the type of a variable
being declared shall be deduced from its initializer or that a
function declarator shall include a trailing-return-type.
Example:
auto x = 5; // OK: x has type int
const auto *v = &x, u = 6; // OK: v has type const int*, u has type const int
static auto y = 0.0; // OK: y has type double
auto int r; // error: auto is not a storage-class-specifier
auto pX = new auto(1); // allocated type is int
auto x = new auto(a); // allocated type is char, x is of type char*
auto multiply (int x, int y) -> int; // new function syntax
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Auto
It makes typing easy and improves readability.
C++03
C++11
map<string,string>::iterator it =
m.begin();
double const param =
config["param"];
singleton& s = singleton::instance();
auto it = m.begin();
auto const param =
config["param"];
auto& s =
singleton::instance();
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nullptr
Nullptr is new keyword to serve as a distinguished null pointer
constant: nullptr.
It is of type nullptr_t, which is implicitly convertible and
comparable to any pointer type or pointer-to-member type.
It is not implicitly convertible or comparable to integral types,
except for bool to support backward compatibility.
Example:
int * pX = nullptr;
int x;
pX = &x;
if(pX==nullptr) //OK
if(x == nullptr) //Error
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10
rValue references
Earlier rvalue are lavalue are distinguished by right side or left
side of expression.
Example:
const int& i = 5; //old rvalue
i = 10; // Error
C++11 adds a new non-const reference type called an rvalue
reference, identified by T&&
Example:
int&& rI = 5; //new rValue
rI = 10; //OK
Another way to think:- If you are able to take address of
expression it is lvalue otherwise it is rvalue.
Example:
int i = 10; // i is lvalue, 10 is rvalue
string name = fname + rname; // name is lvalue and (fname+rname) is
rvalue
// as &name is valid but &(fname+rname) is not valid
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11
Move Constructor
New rValue reference gives power to write a move constructor
and a move assignment operator for a C++ class.
A move constructor enables you to implement move semantics,
which can significantly improve the performance of your
applications.
Example:
class MyString {
public:
MyString(MyString& a_MyString) : m_pData(nullptr) {
if(a_MyString.m_pData)
m_pData = new std::string(*a_MyString.m_pData); //Creating new memory and then
copy
}
MyString(MyString&& a_MyString) {
m_pData = a_MyString.m_pData; //no new memory or copy, simply move
a_MyString.m_pData=nullptr;
}
private:
std::string* m_pData;
};
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Move constructor
Std::move is used to call move constructor explicitly.
MyString movedText = std::move(strText);
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decltype
decltype is an operator for querying the type of an expression.
The keyword decltype can be used to determine the type of an
expression at compile-time.
Example:
int i;
struct A { double x; };
const A* a = new A();
decltype(i) x2; // type is int
decltype(a->x) x3; // type is double
decltype((a->x)) x4 = x3; // type is const double&
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decltype
More example:
auto c = 0; // c has type int
auto d = c; // d has type int
decltype(c) e; // e has type int, the type of the entity named by c
decltype((c)) f = c; // f has type int&, because (c) is an lvalue
decltype(0) g; // g has type int, because 0 is an rvalue
const int&& foo();
decltype(foo()) x1 = i; // type is const int&&
auto multiply (int x, int y) -> decltype(x * y);
template <typename T1, typename T2> // generic return type
auto add(T1 a, T2 b) -> decltype(a + b) {
return a + b;
}
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static_assert
Any compile time operator or const_expr function variables can be used
for static_ assert. Now we can write better test case to validate at
compile time.
Example:
template <typename T>
void print(T a) {
static_assert(sizeof(T) == 4, "Unsupported Type, size should be 4");
cout << a << endl;
cout << b << endl;
}
void TestStaticAssert() {
print(1);
print("test");
print('a'); // "Unsupported Type, size should be 4"
}
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16
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