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Standards of Measurement

Standards of measurement are established to achieve uniform and repeatable measurements worldwide. There are two main systems of units - the metric system and English/imperial system. Standards can be defined as physical objects that serve as the reference for quantitative measurements. The key types of standards discussed are line standards, where length is measured between two lines; end standards, where length is the distance between two faces; and wavelength standards, which use the wavelength of light. Standards must be calibrated against more accurate primary standards to ensure measurement precision. Interchangeability of parts is important for industrial manufacturing and is achieved through tight tolerances and selective assembly of graded components.

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600 views19 pages

Standards of Measurement

Standards of measurement are established to achieve uniform and repeatable measurements worldwide. There are two main systems of units - the metric system and English/imperial system. Standards can be defined as physical objects that serve as the reference for quantitative measurements. The key types of standards discussed are line standards, where length is measured between two lines; end standards, where length is the distance between two faces; and wavelength standards, which use the wavelength of light. Standards must be calibrated against more accurate primary standards to ensure measurement precision. Interchangeability of parts is important for industrial manufacturing and is achieved through tight tolerances and selective assembly of graded components.

Uploaded by

Akshay Krishna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STANDARDS OF

MEASUREMENT

Definition
Standard is defined as something
that is set up and established by an
authority as rule of the measure of
quantity, weight, value.
For example, a meter is a standard
established by an international
organization for measurement of
length.

Role of standards
The role of standards is to achieve
uniform, consistent and repeatable
measurements throughout the world.
Today our entire industrial economy
is based on the interchangeability of
parts the method of manufacture.

Two system of Units


For Linear Measurement, commonly
used two system of units are
Metre (Metric) and Yard (English)
There is a need to develop standard
definition for system of units

Types of Standards
For linear measurement, commonly
used standards of measurement are
1. Line Standard
2. End Standard
3. Wavelength standard

LINE STANDARD
Definition of YARD
First accurate standard was made in England known as
Imperial Standard Yard
When the length being measured is expressed as the
distance between two lines, then it is called Line Standard.
Examples: Measuring scales, Imperial standard yard,
International prototype meter, etc.

Imperial Standard yard:


An imperial standard yard is a bronze type(82% Cu, 13% tin,
5% Zinc) bar of 1 inch square section and 38 inches long. A
round recess, 1 inch away from the two ends is cut at both
ends upto the central or neutral plane of the bar.

Definition of metre
International Prototype meter made in France
International Prototype meter:
It is defined as the straight line distance, at 0degC,
between the engraved lines of pure platinumiridiumalloy (90% platinum & 10% iridium) of
1020 mm total length and having a tresca cross
section as shown in fig. The graduations are on the
upper surface of the web which coincides with the
neutral axis of the section.

Demerits of line standards


Material length standards vary in length over
the years owing to molecular changes in the
alloy.
If these standards are accidentally damaged or
destroyed then exact copies could not be
made.
Conversion factors have to be used for
changing over to metric system.
The exact replicas of material length standards
were not available for use somewhere else.

End Standards
When the length being measured is
expressed as the distance between
two parallel faces, then it is
calledEnd standard.
End standards can be made to a very
high degree of accuracy.
Ex:Slip gauges, Gap gauges, Ends of
micrometer anvils, etc.

SLIP GAUGES OR GAUGE BLOCKS


(JOHANSSON GAUGES)

Slip gauges are rectangular blocks of


steel having cross section of 30 mm
face length &
10 mm face width

Wringing of gauges

Wave Length Standard


Wave length of pure monochromatic
light source is used to express
definition of length
Materials like Cadmium 114, Krypton
86 and Mercury 198 are possible
sources
When Kr 86 is kept in hot cathode
discharge tube maintained at 68 deg
K
Orange radiation is selected for

Sub Division of standards


Three types are
Primary standards ( reference standards): The main function of primary standard is the
calibration and verification of secondary standards.
Secondary standards (calibration standards): Secondary standards are basic reference
standards used by the measurement and calibration laboratories. These secondary standards are
main tend by the particular industry to which they belong. Each industry has its own secondary
standard.
Working standards: working standards are the main tools of a measuring laboratory. These
standards are used to check and calibrate laboratory instrument for accuracy and performance.

Calibration:
The calibration of any measuring
instrument is necessary to measure
the quantity in terms of standard
unit.
It is carried out by making
adjustments such that the read out
device produces zero output for zero
input.

Continue
The process whereby the magnitude of the
output of a measuring instrument is related
to the magnitude of the input force driving
the instrument (i.e. Adjusting a weight
scale to zero when there is nothing on it).
The accuracy of the instrument depends on
the calibration.
If the output of the measuring instrument is
linear and repeatable, it can be easily
calibrated.

INTERCHENGBILITY:
Component selected randomly should assemble correctly with any
other mating component This is correctly with any other mating
component. This is
Interchangeability.
1. Full interchangeability :
Any component will match with any other Any component will match
with any other
mating part without classifying manufactured components into
subgroups or carrying out minor alterations.
2. Selective assembly:
In this parts are graded according to size and In this parts are graded
according to size and only matched grades of mating parts are
assembled e.g.
Mating of piston in car cylinder The bore size is 63.5mm and the
skirt clearance of piston is 0.13mm on the diameter, The tolerance
on bore and on piston skirt each is 0.04mm.
HL of bore 63.5+0.02 = 63.52mm
LL of bore 63.50.02 = 63.48mm

Piston bore is 63.50.13 = 63.37 mm


HL of piston 63.37+0.02=63.39
LL of piston 63.37 0.02=63.39
Max clearance = HL of bore LL of piston = 63.52
63.35=0.17mm
Min clearance= LL of boreHL of piston = 63.48 63
39=009mm
By grading bore and piston, selective assy will give: give :
Cyl bore 63.48
63.5
63.52
Piston
63.35
63.37 63.3

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