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Introducing Computer Systems: Mcgraw-Hill Technology Education

IT Fundamentals

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103 views41 pages

Introducing Computer Systems: Mcgraw-Hill Technology Education

IT Fundamentals

Uploaded by

sm_rez1scribd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 41

Introducing Computer

Systems

McGraw-Hill Technology

Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All

The Computer Defined


A Computer is an electronic machine
which is fast, accurate and controllable.
A computer is a device that accepts
data, then perform arithmetic or logical
operations that manipulate or change
the data, and finally produces new
results from that data.
1A-2

Information Technology

Hardware, software,
telecommunications,
database management and
other information processing
technologies used in computer
based information systems.
1A-3

Data and Information


Data are facts. The raw material
of information.
Information is data arranged in
ordered and useful form.

1A-4

Software and Hardware


Software: Any program (set of
instructions) that causes a
computer to carry out a task or
function.
Hardware: The physical elements
of the computer system.
1A-5

Number Systems
Decimal : Base 10, 0-9
Binary: Base 2, 0-1
Octal: Base 8, 0-7
Hexadecimal: Base 16, 0-9 & A-F
1A-6

Bits and Bytes


1 Byte = 8 Bits
1 KB(Kilobyte)= 1024 bytes
1 MB(megabyte)= 1024 KB
1 GB(gigabyte)= 1024 MB
1 TB(terabyte)= 1024 GB
1A-7

Computers For Individual Use


Desktop computers
The most common type of computer
Sits on the desk or floor
Performs a variety of tasks

Workstations
Specialized computers
Optimized for science or graphics
More powerful than a desktop

1A-8

Computers For Individual Use


Notebook computers
Small portable computers
Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds
About 8 by 11 inches
Typically as powerful as a desktop
Can include a docking station

1A-9

Computers For Individual Use


Tablet computers
Newest development
in portable
computers
Input is through
a pen
Run specialized
versions of office
products

1A-10

Computers For Individual Use


Handheld computers
Very small computers
Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)
Note taking or contact management
Data can synchronize with a desktop

Smart phones
Hybrid of cell phone and PDA
Web surfing, e-mail access

1A-11

Computers For Organizations


Network servers
Centralized computer
All other computers connect
Provides access to network resources
Multiple servers are called server farms
Often simply a powerful desktop

1A-12

Computers For Organizations


Mainframes
Used in large
organizations
Handle thousands
of users
Users access
through a terminal

1A-13

Computers For Organizations


Minicomputers
Called midrange computers
Power between mainframe and desktop
Handle hundreds of users
Used in smaller organizations
Users access through a terminal

1A-14

Computers For Organizations


Supercomputers
The most powerful
computers made
Handle large and
complex calculations
Process trillions of
operations per
second
Found in research
organizations

1A-15

Computers In Society
More impact than any other invention
Changed work and leisure activities
Used by all demographic groups

Computers are important because:


Provide information to users
Information is critical to our society
Managing information is difficult

1A-16

Computers In Society
Computers at home
Many homes have multiple computers
Most American homes have Internet
Computers are used for

1A-17

Business
Entertainment
Communication
Education

Computers In Society
Computers in education
Computer literacy required at all levels

Computers in small business


Makes businesses more profitable
Allows owners to manage

Computers in industry
Computers are used to design products
Assembly lines are automated
1A-18

Computers In Society
Computers in health care
Revolutionized health care
New treatments possible
Scheduling of patients has improved
Delivery of medicine is safer

1A-19

Computers In Society
Computers in government
Necessary to track data for population
Police officers
Tax calculation and collection

Governments were the first computer users

1A-20

Basic Structure of a Computer System


1. Input Unit
2. Output Unit
3. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
4. Control Unit
5. Memory Unit

1A-21

Input Unit
Enter data into the computer.
Output Unit
Extract data from the computer.

1A-22

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)


Calculates data and compares
data.
Basic arithmetic operations (add,
subtract, multiply, divide etc. )
Logical operations (AND, OR).
1A-23

Control Unit (CU)


Selects, interprets and carries out
the execution of program
instructions in their proper
sequence

1A-24

Memory Unit
Holds data, instructions and
results of processing

1A-25

Computer Clock Speed


(Hz) is a measure of cycles per
second.
Megahertz (MHz) means
millions of cycles per second
Gigahertz (GHz) means
Billions of cycle per second.
1A-26

A processor can execute an


instruction in a given number of
clock cycles. As the systems
clock speed increases, so does
the number of instructions it can
carry out each second.

1A-27

Input and Output Devices


Input Devices
- Keyboard
- Pointing Devices- Mouse,
Trackball, Joystick
- Scanners

1A-28

Input and Output Devices


Output Devices
- Display Screen
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
LCD Liquid crystal display

1A-29

Input and Output Devices


Output Devices
- Printers
Dot-matrix printer
Laser Printer
Ink-jet Printer
- Plotter
1A-30

Computer Memory
Main Memory
RAM (Random Access Memory)
- Volatile memory
- Read-write memory
Everything stored there is lost when
the computers power is shut off
1A-31

Computer Memory
Read Only Memory
ROM
- Non-Volatile memory
- Read only memory
ROM holds the start up program that
begins when the computer is turned
on
1A-32

Secondary Storage Media & Devices


Sequential Access Storage Devices
Sequential Access Storage means the data
is stored in particular order. So the computer
must sequentially search for data. Today
sequential access storage devices are most
commonly used for backup purposes.

Magnetic Tape
Tape Cartridges
1A-33

Secondary Storage Media & Devices


Direct Access Storage Devices
Direct access means the data is stored
in a particular memory location with a
specific address so that any data can be
found quickly. Direct access storage
devices are magnetic disk drives used
for secondary storage.

Floppy Disk Hard Disk Drive


Optical Disk
1A-34

BUS

The term bus refers to the


paths between the
components of a
Computer.
Data Bus
Address Bus
1A-35

CACHE MEMORY
High-speed memory that resides

between the CPU and RAM in a


computer. Cache memory stores
data and instructions that the CPU
is likely to need next. The CPU can
retrieve data or instructions more
quickly from cache than it can from
RAM or a disk.
1A-36

INPUT/OUTPUT PORTS
Every device that is external to the

system unit must be attached by a


cable to the bus. This point of
attachment is called a port or
connector. There are six common
types of ports and they are keyboard
port, video port (for the display),
mouse port, parallel port, serial port
and USB port.
1A-37

DISPLAYS
The resolution of a computer

monitor is classified by the number


of pixels on the screen, expressed
as a matrix.

1A-38

A resolution of 640 X 480 means that


there are 640 pixels horizontally across
the screen and 480 pixels vertically
down the screen. The higher the
resolution, the sharper and crisper the
characters or image formed
800 x 600 pixels
1024 x 768 pixels
1280 x 1024 pixels
1A-39

VIDEO CARDS
The quality of the images that a monitor
can display is defines as much by the
Video card /video controller as by the
monitor itself.
The video controller is an intermediary
device between the CPU and the
monitor, It contains the video-dedicated
memory and other circuitry necessary to
send information to the monitor to
display on the screen
1A-40

MOTHERBOARD
The main circuit board of the
computer, which contains the
processor, memory, expansion
slots, bus, and video controller.
Also called the system board or
mainboard

1A-41

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