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    Engineering Circuit Analysis

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    Anonymous GGtvR65MR
    * Given: L = 10mH = 10×10-3H v = 100sinωt f = 50Hz and 50kHz * At 50Hz: ω = 2πf = 2π×50rad/s XL = 2πfL = 2π×50×10-3 = 3.14Ω iL = v/XL = 100/3.14 = 31.8A * At 50kHz: ω = 2πf = 2π×50,000rad/s XL = 2πfL = 2π×50,000×10-3 = 314Ω iL = v/XL = 100/314 = 0

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Engineering Circuit Analysis

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous GGtvR65MR
    201 views37 pages
    * Given: L = 10mH = 10×10-3H v = 100sinωt f = 50Hz and 50kHz * At 50Hz: ω = 2πf = 2π×50rad/s XL = 2πfL = 2π×50×10-3 = 3.14Ω iL = v/XL = 100/3.14 = 31.8A * At 50kHz: ω = 2πf = 2π×50,000rad/s XL = 2πfL = 2π×50,000×10-3 = 314Ω iL = v/XL = 100/314 = 0

    Original Description:

    Engineering Books For Circuit Analysis AND electrical engineering

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    * Given: L = 10mH = 10×10-3H v = 100sinωt f = 50Hz and 50kHz * At 50Hz: ω = 2πf = 2π×50rad/s XL = 2πfL = 2π×50×10-3 = 3.14Ω iL = v/XL = 100/3.14 = 31.8A * At 50kHz: ω = 2πf = 2π×50,000rad/s XL = 2πfL = 2π×50,000×10-3 = 314Ω iL = v/XL = 100/314 = 0

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    201 views37 pages

    Engineering Circuit Analysis

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous GGtvR65MR
    * Given: L = 10mH = 10×10-3H v = 100sinωt f = 50Hz and 50kHz * At 50Hz: ω = 2πf = 2π×50rad/s XL = 2πfL = 2π×50×10-3 = 3.14Ω iL = v/XL = 100/3.14 = 31.8A * At 50kHz: ω = 2πf = 2π×50,000rad/s XL = 2πfL = 2π×50,000×10-3 = 314Ω iL = v/XL = 100/314 = 0

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 37

    Engineering Circuit Analysis

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
    2 Phasors
    3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
    4 Impedance
    5 Examples for Sinusoidal Circuits Analysis

    References:
    References Hayt-Ch7; Gao-Ch3;

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

    Any steady state voltage or current in a linear circuit with a


    sinusoidal source is a sinusoid
    All steady state voltages and currents have the same frequency as
    the source
    In order to find a steady state voltage or current, all we need to know
    is its magnitude and its phase relative to the source (we already know
    its frequency)
    We do not have to find this differential equation from the circuit, nor
    do we have to solve it
    Instead, we use the concepts of phasors and complex impedances
    Phasors and complex impedances convert problems involving
    differential equations into circuit analysis problems
    Focus on steady state; Focus on sinusoids.

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal

    Key Words:
    Words
    Period: T ,
    Frequency: f , Radian frequency
    Phase angle
    Amplitude: Vm Im

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal

    v t Vm sin t

    vi

    +
    R

    t1

    t2

    i
    +

    Both the polarity and magnitude of voltage are changing.

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
    Period: T Time necessary to go through one cycle. (s)
    Frequency: f Cycles per second. (Hz)
    f = 1/T
    Radian frequency(Angular frequency): = 2f = 2/T (rad/s
    Amplitude: Vm Im

    i = Imsint v =Vmsint
    vi

    Vm I
    m

    2 t

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
    Effective Roof Mean Square (RMS) Value of a Periodic
    Waveform is equal to the value of the direct current which is
    flowing through an R-ohm resistor. It delivers the same average
    power to the resistor as the periodic current does.

    1
    T

    i 2 Rdt I 2 R

    Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform I eff


    I eff

    1
    T

    I m2
    T

    I sin tdt
    2
    m

    Veff

    1
    T

    1
    T

    1 cos 2 t
    dt
    2

    v 2 dt

    Vm
    2

    i 2 dt

    1 2 T
    I
    Im
    m
    T
    2
    2

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
    Phase (angle)

    i I m sin t

    Phase angle

    6
    4
    2

    i 0 I m sin

    0
    -2 0

    <0

    -4
    -6
    -8

    0.01

    0.02

    0.03

    0.04

    0.05

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
    Phase difference
    v Vm sin( t 1 )

    i I m sin( t 2 )

    v i t 1 ( t 2 ) 1 2
    1 2 0 v(t) leads i(t) by (1 - 2), or i(t) lags v(t) by (1 -

    2 )

    1 2 0 v(t) lags i(t) by (2 - 1), or i(t) leads v(t) by (2 - 1)


    1 2 0

    1 2

    In
    vi
    phase.
    v

    vi

    1 2

    vi

    Out of phase

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
    Review
    The sinusoidal waves whose phases are compared must:
    Be written as sine waves or cosine waves.
    With positive amplitudes.
    Have the same frequency.
    360 does not change anything.
    90 change between sin & cos.
    180 change between + & 2

    sin cos cos


    3

    cos sin
    2

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    2 Phasors
    A sinusoidal voltage/current at a given frequency , is
    characterized by only two parameters :amplitude an phase
    Key Words:
    Words
    Complex Numbers
    Rotating Vector
    Phasors

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    2 Phasors
    E.g. voltage response

    Time domain

    v t Vm cos t

    Re v t

    Complex
    form:

    v t Vm e j t

    Angular frequency is
    known in the circuit.
    Phasor form: V | Vm |
    Frequency domain

    A sinusoidal v/i

    Complex transform
    Phasor transform
    V | Vm |

    By knowing angular
    frequency rads/s.

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    2 Phasors
    Rotating Vector
    i (t ) I m sin t

    i
    t

    Im

    Im
    t1

    i(t1)

    A complex coordinates number: I m e

    j t

    I m cos t jI m sin t

    Real value: i t I m sin t Imag


    I max I m e

    j t

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    2 Phasors
    Rotating Vector
    y

    v Vm sin(t )

    Vm

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    2 Phasors
    Complex Numbers
    A a jb Rectangular Coordinates

    imaginary axis

    A A cos j sin

    b
    |A
    |

    A A e j Polar Coordinates

    real axis

    conversion
    A a jb A A e j

    A e j a jb
    e j 90 cos 90 j sin 90 0 j j

    A a2 b2
    arctg

    a A cos
    b A sin

    b
    a

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    2 Phasors
    Phasors

    A phasor is a complex number that represents the


    magnitude and phase of a sinusoid:

    im cos t

    I I m

    Phasor Diagrams

    A phasor diagram is just a graph of several phasors


    on the complex plane (using real and imaginary
    axes).
    A phasor diagram helps to visualize the relationships
    between currents and voltages.

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    2 Phasors
    Complex Exponentials

    A A e j
    Ae jt A e j ( t ) A cos( t ) j A sin( t )

    Re{ Ae jt } | A | cos( t )

    A real-valued sinusoid is the real part of a complex exponential.

    Complex exponentials make solving for AC steady state an


    algebraic problem.

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

    Key Words:
    Words
    I-V Relationship for R, L and C,
    Power conversion

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
    Resistor v~i relationship for a resistor

    Suppose
    R

    v
    _

    v Vm sin t

    v Vm
    i
    sin t I m sin t
    R R
    Relationship between MS: I

    vi
    v

    Wave and Phasor diagrams

    i
    t

    V
    I
    R

    V
    R

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
    Resistor Time domain

    v(t ) Vm cos( wt )
    i (t ) I m cos( wt )

    frequency domain

    Vm e j ( wt ) RI m e j ( wt )
    Vm e j RI m e j
    Vm RI m
    V RI

    With a resistor , v(t) and i(t) are in phase .

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
    Resistor
    P4.4 v 311 sin 314t
    and P

    R=10 Find i

    Vm 311
    V

    220V
    2
    2

    V 220

    22 A
    R 10

    i 22 2 sin 314t

    P IV 220 22 4840W

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
    Inductor

    v~i relationship

    v v AB

    di
    L
    dt

    Suppose i I m sin t

    di
    d I m sin t
    vL L
    I mL cos t
    dt
    dt
    I mL sin t 90

    Vm sin t 90

    1 t
    1 0
    1 t
    1 t
    i vdt L vdt L 0 vdt i0 0 vdt
    L
    L

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
    Inductor

    v~i relationship
    di
    v L I mL sin t 90 Vm sin t 90
    dt
    Vm I mL
    Relationship between RMS: V IL

    V
    I
    L

    X L L 2fL
    XL f

    For DC f = 0 XL = 0.
    v(t) leads i(t) by 90, or i(t) lags v(t) by 90

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
    Inductor

    v ~ i relationship

    i(t) = Im ejt
    di
    I m jLe jt jLi (t )
    dt
    Represent v(t) and i(t) as phasors: V jLI

    I V V
    jL jX L
    The derivative in the relationship between v(t) and i(t) becomes a
    multiplication by j in the relationship between V and I .
    The time-domain differential equation has become the algebraic equation in
    the frequency-domain.
    Phasors allow us to express current-voltage relationships for inductors and
    capacitors in a way such as we express the current-voltage relationship for a
    resistor.
    v (t ) L

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    3. Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
    Inductor

    v ~ i relationship

    Wave and Phasor diagrams

    V jIX L

    vi
    v
    i

    eL

    t
    I

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
    Inductor
    P4.5 L = 10mH v = 100sint Find iL when f = 50Hz and
    50kHz.
    X L 2fL 2 50 10 10 3 3.14
    I 50

    V
    100 / 2

    22.5 A
    XL
    3.14

    iL t 22.5 2 sin t 90 A

    X L 2fL 2 50 10 3 10 10 3 3140
    V
    100 / 2
    I 50 k

    22.5 mA
    XL
    3.14

    iL t 22.5 2 sin t 90 mA

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
    Capacitor

    +
    v
    _

    v ~ i relationship
    dq
    dv
    i
    C
    dt
    dt

    Suppose: v Vm sin t
    C

    I m CVm

    i CVm cos t CVm sin t 90 I m sin t 90


    1 t
    1 0
    1 t
    1 t
    v idt idt idt v0 idt
    c
    c
    c 0
    c 0

    Relationship between RMS: I CV V V


    1
    XC

    C
    1
    1

    XC

    C 2fC
    1
    For DC f = 0 XC
    XC
    f

    i(t) leads v(t) by 90, or v(t) lags i(t) by 90

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
    Capacitor

    +
    v
    _

    v ~ i relationship

    v(t) = Vm ejt

    dv (t )
    dVm e j t
    i (t ) C
    C
    jCVm e j t
    dt
    dt

    V
    Represent v(t) and i(t) as phasors: I = jCV =
    jX C

    The derivative in the relationship between v(t) and i(t) becomes a


    multiplication by j in the relationship between V and I .
    The time-domain differential equation has become the algebraic equation in
    the frequency-domain.
    Phasors allow us to express current-voltage relationships for inductors and
    capacitors much like we express the current-voltage relationship for a resistor.

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
    Capacitor

    v ~ i relationship

    Wave and Phasor diagrams


    V jI X C

    vi

    i
    v
    t

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
    Capacitor
    P4.7 Suppose C=20F AC source v=100sint
    Find XC and I for f = 50Hz, 50kHz
    f 50Hz X c
    I

    V
    V
    m 1.38A
    Xc
    2Xc

    f 50KHz X c
    I

    1
    1

    159
    C 2fC

    Xc

    1
    1

    0.159
    C 2fC
    Vm
    1380 A
    2Xc

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
    Review (v-I relationship)
    Time domain
    R

    v R i

    Frequency domain
    V R I ,

    v and i are in phase.

    di
    vL L
    dt

    V jL I

    dv
    iC C
    dt

    1
    1
    V
    I , XC
    , v lags i by 90.
    jC
    C

    , X L L , v leads i by 90.

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
    Summary

    XR R

    X L L 2fL f

    v i
    2

    XC

    1
    1
    1

    c 2fc
    f

    v i

    V IX

    Frequency characteristics of an Ideal Inductor and Capacitor:


    A capacitor is an open circuit to DC currents;
    A Inducter is a short circuit to DC currents.

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    4 Impedance

    Key Words:
    Words
    complex currents and voltages.
    Impedance
    Phasor Diagrams

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    4 Impedance
    Complex voltage Complex current Complex Impedance

    AC steady-state analysis using phasors allows us to express the


    relationship between current and voltage using a formula that looks
    likes Ohms law:
    Z is called impedance.
    V IZ
    measured in ohms ()

    V Vm e jv Vm v
    I I m e ji I mi
    V Vm j ( v i )
    Z
    e
    Z e j Z
    I I m

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    4 Impedance
    Complex Impedance

    V Vm j ( v i )
    Z
    e
    Z e j Z
    I I m
    Complex impedance describes the relationship between the
    voltage across an element (expressed as a phasor) and the
    current through the element (expressed as a phasor)
    Impedance is a complex number and is not a phasor (why?).
    Impedance depends on frequency

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    4 Impedance
    Complex Impedance
    ResistorThe impedance is R
    ZR = R

    0; or ZR = R 0

    CapacitorTheimpedance is 1/jC
    1 j2 j
    Zc
    e

    jX c
    or
    C
    C

    ( v i )
    2

    ZC

    1
    90
    C

    InductorThe impedance is jL
    Z L Le

    jL jX L

    ( v i

    )
    2

    or Z L L90

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    4 Impedance
    Complex Impedance
    Phasors and complex impedance allow us to use Ohms law with
    complex numbers to compute current from voltage and voltage
    from current
    P4.9
    10V 0

    +
    -

    20k
    1F

    +
    -

    VC

    = 377
    Find VC

    How do we find VC?


    First compute impedances for resistor and capacitor:
    ZR = 20k= 20k 0
    ZC = 1/j (377 *1F) = 2.65k -90

    Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


    4 Impedance
    Complex Impedance
    P4.9

    10V 0

    20k 0

    20k
    1F

    +
    -

    = 377
    Find VC

    VC

    Now use the voltage divider to find VC:


    2.65k 90
    VC 10V0 (
    )
    2.65k 90 20k0

    10V 0

    +
    -

    VC

    2.65k -90
    2.65 90
    20.17 7.54
    1.31V 82.46

    VC 10V 0

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