Centre For Foundation Studies

Department of Sciences and Engineering

FHMM1014 Mathematics I

Chapter 5
Trigonometry
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Mathematics I

Topics

Trigonometric Functions of Angles

Evaluating Trigonometric Functions for all
Angles
Trigonometric Identities
Area of Triangles
The Law of Sines

The Ambiguous Case

The Law of Cosines

Simplifying Trigonometric Expression
Proving Trigonometric Identities

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Topics

Addition and Subtraction Formulas

Double Angle Formulas
Half Angle Formulas
Sum to Product Formulas
Solving Trigonometric Equations
Equations involving Trigonometric
functions of Multiple Angles
Expression of the form A sin x + B cos x

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Trigonometric
Functions of angles

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Trigonometric Functions of
Angles
Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we see that the
hypotenuse has length
Thus,

y
sin
r
x
cos
r
y
tan
x

The other trigonometric

ratios can be found
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in the same way.
Mathematics I

r x y
2

Fundamental Identities
Reciprocal Identities

1
csc x
sin x

1
sec x
cos x

sin x
tan x
cos x
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1
cot x
tan x

cos x
cot x
sin x
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Trigonometric Functions
If r

x y
2

is the distance
from the origin
to the point P(x, y),
then
y
x
y
sin
cos
tan ( x 0)
r
r
x
r
r
x
csc ( y 0) sec ( x 0) cot ( y 0)
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y
x
y
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Trigonometric Functions
We move in
a counterclockwise
direction if t is positive
and in a clockwise
direction if t is negative.

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Even-Odd Properties
Sine, cosecant, tangent, and cotangent are
odd functions.
Cosine and secant are even functions.

sin( ) sin

csc( ) csc

cos( ) cos

sec( ) sec

tan( ) tan

cot( ) cot

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Example 1
Use the even-odd properties of the
trigonometric functions to determine each
value.

(a) sin
6

(b) cos
4

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Cofunction Identities
Cofunction Identities

sin cos
2

tan cot
2

sec csc
2

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cos sin
2

cot tan
2

csc sec
2

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Evaluating Trigonometric
Functions for All Angles

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Evaluating Trigonometric
Functions for All Angles

From the definition, we see the values of

the trigonometric functions are all positive if
the angle has its terminal side in quadrant
I.
This is because x and y are positive
in this quadrant.
Of course, r is always positivesince it is simply
the distance from the origin to the point P(x, y).13
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Evaluating Trigonometric
Functions for All Angles
However, if the terminal side of is in
quadrant II, x is negative and y is positive.
Thus, in quadrant II, the functions sin and csc
are positive, and all the other trigonometric
functions have negative values.
You can check the other entries in the following
table.
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Signs of the Trigonometric

Functions
Quadrant

Positive
Functions

Negative
Functions

all

None

II

sin, csc

cos, sec, tan, cot

III

tan, cot

sin, csc, cos, sec

IV

cos, sec

sin, csc, tan, cot

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Signs of the Trigonometric

Functions
This mnemonic device will help you
remember which trigonometric functions are
positive in each quadrant:
All of them, Sine, Tangent, or Cosine
You can remember this as:
All Students Take Calculus.
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Example 2
Find:
(a) cos 135
(b) tan 390
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Trigonometric
Identities

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Trigonometric Identities
The trigonometric functions of angles
are related to each other through
several important equations called
trigonometric identities.

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Fundamental Identities
Pythagorean Identities

sin cos 1
2

tan 1 sec
2

1 cot csc
2

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Example 3
(a) Express sin in terms of cos .
(b) Express tan in terms of sin ,
where is in quadrant II.

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Example 4
If tan = and is in quadrant III,
find cos .

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Example 5
If sec = 2 and is in quadrant IV,
find the other five trigonometric functions
of .

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Area of Triangles

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Areas of Triangles
If is an acute angle, the height of the
triangle in the figure is given by h = b sin .
Thus, the area is:
A = x base x height
= ab sin

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Areas of Triangles
If the angle is not acute, from the figure,
we see that the height of the triangle is:
h = b sin(180 )
= b sin
This is so because
the reference
angle of is the
angle 180 .

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Areas of Triangles
Thus, in this case also, the area of
the triangle is:
A = x base x height
= ab sin

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Area of a Triangle
The area A of a triangle with sides
of lengths a and b and with included
angle is:

1
A ab sin
2
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Example 6
Find the area
of triangle ABC
shown here.

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Herons Formula
The area A of triangle ABC is given by

A s s a s b s c
where s = (a + b + c) is the semiperimeter of
the trianglethat is, s is half the perimeter.

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Example 7
A businessman wishes to buy a triangular lot
in a busy downtown location.
The lot frontages on
the three adjacent streets
are 125, 280, and 315 ft.

Find the area of the lot.

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The Law of Sines

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Introduction
The trigonometric functions can also be used
to solve oblique trianglestriangles with no
right angles.
To do this, we first study the Law of Sines
here and then the Law of Cosines in the next
section.
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Introduction
To state these laws (or formulas) more
easily, we follow the convention of labeling:
- The angles of a triangle as A, B, C.
- The lengths of the corresponding opposite
sides as a, b, c.

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Solving a Triangle
To solve a triangle, we need to know
certain information about its sides and
angles.
To decide whether we have enough
information, its often helpful to make a
sketch.
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Two Angles and Included Side

For instance, if we are given two angles
and the included side, then its clear that
one and only one triangle can be formed.

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Two Sides and Included Angle

Similarly, if two sides and the included
angle are known, then a unique triangle
is determined.

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Three Angles and No Sides

However, if we know all three angles and
no sides, we cannot uniquely determine
the triangle.
Many triangles can have the same three
angles.
All these triangles would be similar, of course.
So, we wont
consider this case.

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Determining a Triangle
In general, a triangle is determined by
three of its six parts (angles and sides)
as long as at least one of these three parts
is a side.
So, the possibilities are as follows.

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Determining a Triangle
Case

Angles and Sides

Abbrvn.

One side and two angles

Two sides and the angle opposite

one of those sides

SSA

Two sides and the included angle

SAS

Three sides

SSS

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ASA/SAA

40

Determining a Triangle
Cases 1 and 2 are solved using the Law
of Sines.
Cases 3 and 4 require the Law of
Cosines.

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Law of Sines
The law says that, in any triangle, the
lengths of the sides are proportional to the
sines of the corresponding opposite angles.
In triangle ABC, we have:

sin A sin B sin C

a
b
c
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Example 8
A satellite orbiting the earth passes directly
overhead at observation stations in Phoenix
and Los Angeles, 340 mi apart.
At an instant when it is
between these two stations,
its angle of elevation is
simultaneously observed
to be 60 at Phoenix and
75 at Los Angeles.
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Example 9
How far is the satellite from Los
Angeles?

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Example 10
Solve the triangle in the figure.

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Example 10(a)
The ratio of three angles in a triangle is 4:5:6,
given that its perimeter is 100cm, find the
largest length of the triangle.

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The Ambiguous
Case

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The Ambiguous Case

In Examples 7 and 8, a unique
triangle was determined by the
information given.
This is always true of Case 1 (ASA or SAA).

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The Ambiguous Case

However, in Case 2 (SSA), there may be
two triangles, one triangle, or no triangle
with the given properties.
For this reason, Case 2 is sometimes
called the ambiguous case.

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The Ambiguous Case

To see why this is so, here we show
the possibilities when angle A and sides a
and b are given.

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The Ambiguous Case

In part (a), no solution is possible.
Side a is too short to complete the triangle.

In part (b),
the solution is
a right triangle.

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The Ambiguous Case

In part (c), two solutions are possible.
In part (d), there is a unique triangle
with the given properties.
We illustrate
the possibilities
of Case 2 in
the following
examples.
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Example 11
Solve triangle ABC, where:

A 45

a7 2
b7

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The Ambiguous Case

In Example 9, there were two
possibilities for angle B.
One of these was not compatible
with the rest of the information.

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The Ambiguous Case

In general, if sin A < 1, we must
check the angle and its supplementary
value as possibilities.
This is because any angle smaller than 180
can be in the triangle.
To decide whether either possibility works,
we check to see whether the resulting sum
of the angles exceeds 180.

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The Ambiguous Case

It can happen that both possibilities are
compatible with the given information.
In that case, two different
triangles are solutions to
the problem.

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Example 12
Solve triangle ABC if:

A 43.1
a 186.2
b 248.6
0

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The No-Solution Case

The next example presents a situation
for which no triangle is compatible with
the given data.

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Example 13
Solve triangle ABC, where:

A 42
a 70
b 122
0

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The Law of Cosines

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Introduction
The Law of Sines cannot be used directly to
solve triangles if we know either:
Two sides and the angle between them
All three sides

In these two cases, the Law of Cosines

applies.
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Law of Cosines
In any triangle ABC, we have:

a b c 2bc cos A
2

b a c 2ac cos B
2

c a b 2ab cos C
2

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Pythagorean Theorem as Law

of Cosines
If one of the angles of a triangle, say
is a right angle, then cos C = 0.

C,

Hence, the Law of Cosines reduces to

the Pythagorean Theorem, c2 = a2 + b2.
Thus, the Pythagorean Theorem is
a special case of the Law of Cosines.
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Example 14
A tunnel is to be built through a mountain.
To estimate the length of the tunnel,
a surveyor makes the measurements shown.
Use the
surveyors data
to approximate
the length of
the tunnel.
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Example 15
The sides of a triangle are:
a = 5, b = 8, c = 12
Find the angles of the triangle.

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Example 16
Solve triangle ABC, where
A = 46.5, b = 10.5, c = 18.0

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Example 16(a)
P

13cm

15cm

10cm

The diagram shows a quadrilateral PQRS.

S

The area of the triangle PQR is 72.45 cm 2 .

(a) Calculate PQR.
14cm
(b) Given triangle PQR is an acute triangle.
Calculate
(i) the length, in cm, of PR,
(ii) PSR,
(iii) the area, in cm 2 , of quadrilateral PQRS.

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Law of Cosines
We could have used the Law of Sines to find
B and C in Example 16 since we knew
all three sides and an angle in the triangle.
However, knowing the sine of an angle does
not uniquely specify the angle.
This is because an angle and its supplement
180 both have the same sine.
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Law of Cosines
Thus, we would need to decide which
of the two angles is the correct choice.
This ambiguity does not arise when we use
the Law of Cosines.
This is because every angle between 0 and
180 has a unique cosine.
So, using only the Law of Cosines is preferable
in problems like Example 16.
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Simplifying
Trigonometric
Expressions
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Simplifying Trigonometric
Expressions
To simplify algebraic expressions,
we used:
Factoring
Common denominators
Special Product Formulas
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Example 17
Simplify the expression

cos tan sin

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Example 18
Simplify the expression

sin
cos

cos 1 sin

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Proving
Trigonometric
Identities
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Guidelines for Proving

Trigonometric Identities
1. Start with one side.
2. Use known identities.
3. Convert to sines and cosines.

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Example 19
Verify the identity
cos sec cos sin
2

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Example 20
Verify the identity

1
1
2 tan x sec x

1 sin x 1 sin x

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Example 21
Verify the identity

cos x
sec x tan x
1 sin x

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Example 22
Verify the identity
1 cos
tan

cos
sec 1
2

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Addition and
Subtraction
Formulas
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Formulas for sine

sin( A B ) sin A cos B cos A sin B
sin( A B ) sin A cos B cos A sin B

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Formulas for cosine

cos( A B ) cos A cos B sin A sin B
cos( A B ) cos A cos B sin A sin B

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Formulas for tangent

tan A tan B
tan( A B )
1 tan A tan B
tan A tan B
tan( A B )
1 tan A tan B
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Example 23
Find the exact value of each expression.
(a) cos 75
(b) cos /12

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Example 24
Find the exact value of:
sin 20 cos 40 + cos 20 sin 40

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Example 25
Prove the cofunction identity

cos sin
2

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Double Angle
Formulas
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Double-Angle Formulas
Formula for sine

sin 2 x 2 sin x cos x

Formulas for cosine

cos 2 x cos x sin x

2

cos 2 x 1 2 sin x
2

cos 2 x 2 cos x 1
2

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Double-Angle Formulas
Formula for tangent

2 tan x
tan 2 x
2
1 tan x

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Example 26
If cos x = (2/3) and x is in quadrant II, find
cos 2x and sin 2x.

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Example 27
Write cos 3x in terms of cos x.

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Example 28
Prove the identity

sin 3 x
4 cos x sec x
sin x cos x

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Half Angle
Formulas
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Half-angle Formulae
sin

2 sin 2 cos 2

cos

2
2
2
2

cos

sin

2
2

2 cos 1
2
1 2 sin 2
tan
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2 tan 2
1 tan 2 2
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Example 29
If tan 34 and is an acute angle, evaluate
each of these without using calculator,
(i)

tan 2

(ii)

tan
2

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Sum-Product
Formulas
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Sum-to-Product Formulas
Sum-to-Product Formulas for Sine

PQ
P Q
sin P sin Q 2 sin
cos
2
2
PQ
P Q
sin P sin Q 2 cos
sin
2
2
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Sum-to-Product Formulas
Sum-to-Product Formulas for Cosine

PQ
P Q
cos P cos Q 2 cos
cos
2
2
PQ
P Q
cos P cos Q 2 sin
sin
2
2
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Example 30
Write sin 7x + sin 3x as a product.

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Example 31
Express sin 3x sin 5x as a sum of
trigonometric functions.

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Example 32
Verify the identity
sin 3 x sin x
tan x
cos 3 x cos x

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Example 33

Prove that csc cot tan .

2

Deduce that tan 2 1 .

8

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Solving
Trigonometric
Equations
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Solving Trigonometric
Equations
To solve a trigonometric equation,
we use:
1. The rules of algebra to isolate the
trigonometric function on one side of the
equal sign.
2. Our knowledge of the values of the
trigonometric functions to solve for the
variable.
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Example 34
Solve the equation
2 sin x 1 = 0 for 0 x 2

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Example 35
Solve the equation
tan2x 3 = 0 for 0 x 2

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Example 36
Find the values of x for which the graphs of
f(x) = sin x

and

g(x) = cos x

intersect. (Give answer for 0 x 2 )

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Example 37
Solve the equation 3 sin 2 = 0 for
solutions in the interval [0, 2), correct to
five decimals.

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Solving Trigonometric
Equations by Factoring

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Solving Trigonometric
Equations by Factoring
Factoring is one of the most useful
techniques for solving equations, including
trigonometric equations.
The idea is to:
1. Move all terms to one side of the equation.
2. Factor the equation.
3. Use the Zero-Product Property.
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Example 38
Solve the equation
2 cos2x 7 cos x + 3 = 0
for 360 x 360
0

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Example 39
Solve the equation
1 + sin x = 2 cos2x

for

00 x 3600

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Example 40
Solve the equation
sin 2x cos x = 0
0
0
for 0 x 360

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Example 41
Solve the equation
cos x + 1 = sin x
in the interval [0, 2).

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Example 42
Solve the equation tan2x tan x 2 = 0
for 360 x 360
0

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Equations with
Trigonometric Functions
of Multiple Angles

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Equations with Trig.

Functions of Multiple Angles
When solving trigonometric equations
that involve functions of multiples of
angles, we:
1. Solve for the multiple of the angle.
2. Divide to solve for the angle.
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Example 43
Consider the equation 2 sin 3x 1 = 0.
Find the solutions in the interval [0, 2).

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Example 44
x
Consider the equation 3 tan 1 0 .
2
Find the solutions in the interval [0, 4).

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Expression of the form

a sin + b cos

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Expressions of the Form

a sin + b cos
We can write expressions of the form
a sin + b cos
in terms of a single trigonometric
function using the addition formula for
sine and cosine.
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Sums of Sines and Cosines

If a and b are real numbers, then

a sin b cos r sin

where

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r a2 b2
1 b
tan
a
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Example 45
Express 3sin x + 4cos x in the form

r sin x .

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Example 46
Write the function

f ( x) sin 2 x 3 cos 2 x
in the form r sin 2 x

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Example 47
Express 3 sin 2 cos in the form r sin( ),
and hence find (0 360), such that
3 sin 2 cos has a maximum value.

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Example 48
Express 3cos 5sin in the form R cos( )
where R>0 and 0 90.
State the maximum and minimum values of
3cos 5sin .

Hence, solve the equation 3cos 5sin 5

for 0 360.
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Example 49
Express sin x cos x in the form r cos( x ),
where r is positive and is acute.
Hence, determine the ranges of x (0 x 360)
such that 0 sin x cos x 1.

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Solution of Equation a cos b sin c

Two methods :
(1) : Expressing a cos b sin in the form
r cos( ) or r sin( ).

(2) : Substituting t tan .

2

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Example 50
Solve the equation sin 7 cos 2
for 0 360.

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Example 51
Find the values of r and , where r > 0 and
is acute, given that 1 tan can be expressed in
the form r sec cos( ).
Hence, show that 2 sec 1 tan 2 sec .

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The End
Of
Chapter 5
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