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    Non-Tabular Approaches To Calculating Properties of Real Gases

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    Shoaib Tariq
    This document discusses non-tabular approaches to calculating properties of real gases. It covers: 1) The critical state where liquid and vapor properties are identical if T=Tc or P=Pc. 2) Properties of the critical isotherm which has a maximum and horizontal point of inflection at the critical point on a P-v diagram. 3) Departures from ideal gas behavior quantified by the compressibility factor Z, which can be greater or less than 1 for real gases depending on how close their state is to the critical point.

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    Non-Tabular Approaches To Calculating Properties of Real Gases

    Uploaded by

    Shoaib Tariq
    21 views16 pages
    This document discusses non-tabular approaches to calculating properties of real gases. It covers: 1) The critical state where liquid and vapor properties are identical if T=Tc or P=Pc. 2) Properties of the critical isotherm which has a maximum and horizontal point of inflection at the critical point on a P-v diagram. 3) Departures from ideal gas behavior quantified by the compressibility factor Z, which can be greater or less than 1 for real gases depending on how close their state is to the critical point.

    Original Description:

    8. Real Gases 1

    Original Title

    8. Real Gases 1

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    This document discusses non-tabular approaches to calculating properties of real gases. It covers: 1) The critical state where liquid and vapor properties are identical if T=Tc or P=Pc. 2) Properties of the critical isotherm which has a maximum and horizontal point of inflection at the critical point on a P-v diagram. 3) Departures from ideal gas behavior quantified by the compressibility factor Z, which can be greater or less than 1 for real gases depending on how close their state is to the critical point.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    21 views16 pages

    Non-Tabular Approaches To Calculating Properties of Real Gases

    Uploaded by

    Shoaib Tariq
    This document discusses non-tabular approaches to calculating properties of real gases. It covers: 1) The critical state where liquid and vapor properties are identical if T=Tc or P=Pc. 2) Properties of the critical isotherm which has a maximum and horizontal point of inflection at the critical point on a P-v diagram. 3) Departures from ideal gas behavior quantified by the compressibility factor Z, which can be greater or less than 1 for real gases depending on how close their state is to the critical point.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    Non-tabular approaches to

    calculating properties of real


    gases

    The critical state


    At the critical state (Tc, Pc), properties of
    saturated liquid and saturated vapor are
    identical
    if a gas can be liquefied at constant T by
    application of pressure, TTc.
    if a gas can be liquefied at constant P by
    reduction of T, then PPc.
    the vapor phase is indistinguishable from
    liquid phase

    Properties of the critical isotherm


    The SLL and SVL intersect on a P-v
    diagram to form a maxima at the critical
    point.
    On a P-v diagram, the critical isotherm has
    a horizontal point of inflexion.

    0
    v Tc

    2 P
    0

    2
    v T
    c

    Departures from ideal gas and the


    compressibility factor
    Pv
    1
    RT

    For an ideal gas


    One way of quantifying departure from
    ideal gas behavior to evaluate the
    compressibility factor (Z) for a true gas:

    Pv
    v
    Z

    RT videal

    Both Z<1 and Z>1 is possible for true


    gases

    The critical state and ideal gas


    behavior
    At the critical state, the gas is about to
    liquefy, and has a small specific volume.
    videal vtable
    100%
    vtable

    is very large

    Z factor can depart significantly


    from 1.
    Whether a gas follows ideal gas is closely
    related to how far its state (P,T) departs
    from the critical state (Pc, ,Tc).

    Critical properties of a few


    engineering fluids
    Water/steam (power plants):
    CP: 374o C, 22 MPa
    BP: 100o C, 100 kPa (1 atm)

    R134a or 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (refrigerant):


    CP: 101o C, 4 MPa
    BP: -26o C, 100 kPa (1 atm)

    Nitrogen/air (everyday, cryogenics):


    CP: -147o C, 3.4 MPa
    BP: -196o C, 100 kPa (1 atm)

    Principle of corresponding states


    (van der Waal, 1880)
    Reduced temperature: Tr=T/Tcr
    Reduced pressure: Pr=P/Pcr
    Compressibility factor:
    Principle of corresponding states: All fluids
    when compared at the same Tr and Pr
    have the same Z and all deviate from the
    ideal gas behavior to about the same
    degree.

    Generalized compressibility chart

    1949

    Fits
    experimental
    data for
    various gases

    Use of pseudo-reduced specific


    volume to calculate p(v,T), T(v,p)
    using GCC

    Nelson-Obert generalized
    compressibility chart

    1954

    Based
    on curvefitting
    experimental
    data

    Equations of state

    Some desirable characteristics of


    equations of state
    Adjustments to ideal gas behavior shoujd have
    a molecular basis (consistency with kinetic
    theory and statistical mechanics).
    Pressure increase leads to compression at
    P
    constant temperature v 0
    Critical isotherm has
    a horizontal point of
    P
    P
    inflection: v 0, v 0,
    Compressibility factor (esp. at critical state
    consistent with experiments on real gases.)
    T

    Tc

    Tc

    Some equation of states


    Often
    Two-parameter equations of state
    based
    on theory
    Virial equation of states
    Z=1+A(T)/v+B(T)/v2+. (coefficients can
    be determined from statistical mechanics)
    Multi-parameter equations of state with
    empirically determined coefficients:

    Beattie-Bridgeman
    Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State

    Two-parameter equations of states


    Examples:
    Van der waals
    Dieterici
    Redlich Kwong

    P RT / (v b) a / v 2
    P

    RT
    a

    exp

    vb
    RTv

    RT
    a

    vb
    T v (v b )

    Parameters (a, b) can be evaluated from critical


    point data using Pv 0, vP 0,
    Van der Waals:
    2

    Tc

    Tc

    27 R 2Tc2
    RTc
    a
    ; b
    ; Zc 0.375
    64 Pc
    8 pc

    Critical compressibility of real gases

    First law in differential form,


    thermodynamic definition of
    specific heats

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