MATRIX

By:
Prof. Neha Taneja

MATRIX
Matrix

is the ordered rectangular arrangement of

numerical elements in Rows and columns describing
various situations and problems.

Rows

Columns.
Total

no. of elements in a matrix

=No. of rows * No. of columns.

MATRIX
Application

Linear programming
Game theory
Allocation of expenses and cost
Marketing
Accountancy
Input-Output Analysis

Matrix

simplifies the way to represent, comprehend and

solve various business problems.

MATRIX

In an inter-college competition, three events were organizedDebate, Dance and General Knowledge quiz. Three colleges HL
BBA, HL IC and HL BCA participated. HL BBA sent 15
participants for dance, 10 for General Knowledge Quiz and 5 for
debate. HL IC sent 10 participants for dance, 19 for debate and 23
for General Knowledge quiz. HL BCA sent 9 participants for
dance, 16 for debate and 13 for General Knowledge quiz.

TABULAR

FORM:
Debate

Dance

G.K. Quiz

HL BBA

15

10

HL IC

19

10

23

HL BCA

16

13

MATRIX
Representing the problem in a matrix form:

15 10

19 10 23
16 9

Rows

13

=? Columns=?.

Order of the matrix=?

No. of elements in the matrix=?

MATRIX
Coefficients of Linear equations can also be represented in the
matrix form.

3 X 2Y Z 6
2 X 4Y 7 Z 16
2 X 5Y Z 9

3
2
2

2
4
5

1
7
1

NOTATIONS

Matrix

Capital letter.

Elements of matrix : Corresponding small letters followed

by two suffixes.

In Suffix, First letter : row and Second letter :column

A =

a a a
a a a
a a a
11

12

13

21

22

23

31

32

33

a11 element belonging to row 1 and column 1.

a12 element belonging to row 1 and column 2.
a21 element belonging to row 2 and column 1.

TYPES OF MATRIX

1.

Square matrix
No. of rows =number of columns
m*n matrix is a square matrix if m=n
Square matrix of order n or n rowed matrix.
7
3

2
3

9
5
6

8
8

Square Matrix of order 3 i.e. 3*3

matrix

Square Matrix of order 2 i.e. 2*2 matrix

TYPES OF MATRIX
2. Row and Column matrix
A matrix having a single row Row Matrix
A matrix having single column Column matrix

2
5

11

16

Column Matrix

10

Row Matrix

TYPES OF MATRIX
3. Diagonal matrix:
A square matrix all of whose elements except in the
leading diagonal , are zero is called a diagonal matrix .
2
0

0
3
0
0

0
0
4
0

0
0
0

2
0

0
2
0
0

0
0
2
0

0
0
0

4. Scalar Matrix:
A Diagonal Matrix whose all diagonal elements are equal.

TYPES OF MATRIX
5. Unit matrix/Identity Matrix:

A scalar matrix - diagonal element is unity(1)

It is denoted by I

1
0

= 0
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
0
0

6. Zero Matrix/Null Matrix:

Matrix whose all elements are Zero.

0 0 0
0 0 0

0 0 0

TYPES OF MATRIX

7. Sub matrix
A matrix obtained by deleting some rows or column or both
of a given matrix is called sub matrix of a given matrix

8. Symmetric matrix
Matrix for which aij=aji for all i and j

2
6

6
9
1

5
1
4

TYPES OF MATRIX

9. Skew Symmetric matrix

Matrix for which aij=-aji for all i and j

aii=0

0
6

6
0
1

5
1
0

TYPES OF MATRIX

10. Upper Triangular matrix

Matrix for which aij=0 for all i > j

2
0

6
8
0

1
9

11. Lower Triangular matrix

Matrix for which aij=0 for all i < j

2
4

0
8
6

0
0
9

TYPES OF MATRIX
Transpose

of Matrix:

The matrix obtained by reversing the rows and columns of

particular matrix.
Transpose of

7 9 6
3 5 8=

2 6 8

7 9 6
3 5= 8

2 6 8

7 3 2
9 5 6

6 8 8

Superscript T indicates the matrix which is to be transposed.

SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF
MATRIX

Each

element of matrix is multiplied by that scalar.

2 3 1
3 4 5

2 1 6

2k 3k k
3k 4k 5k

2k k 6k

EQUALITY OF A MATRIX:

1.Same order , if one is 3*2 , then other one is also 3*2 and not
2*3
2. Corresponding elements are equal

OPERATIONS ON MATRIX
Addition

& Subtraction of Matrices:

SAME ORDER.
Corresponding elements -Added and Subtracted.

1 1 3 1 3 2 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 4 5
4 5 2 1 8 4 4 1 5 8 2 4 5 13 6

4 7 3 5 1 3 4 5 7 1 3 3 9 8 6
1 1 3 1 3 2 1 1 1 3 3 2 0 2 1
4 5 2 1 8 4 4 1 5 8 2 4 3 3 2

4 7 3 5 1 3 4 5 7 1 3 3 1 6 0

OPERATIONS ON MATRIX
Vector

Multiplication of Matrix
Example 1:

4[(2*4)

+ (1*2) + (3*3)]

2 1 3 * 2 =19
3

OPERATION ON MATRIX
Vector Product

of Matrix:

No. of columns1st matrix =No. of rows 2nd matrix.

If the first matrix is of the order m*n , the second matrix
should be of the order n*p
Is vector product of

2 3 5
2 4
4 1 3 andpossible?
1 4

2 5 5

VECTOR PRODUCT
2.

3 2 1 1
3 4 5 * 3

3 6 3 4

2 3
2 1
3 1

(3 *1) (2 * 3) (1 * 4) (3 * 2) (2 * 2) (1 * 3) (3 * 3) ( 2 * 1) (1 *1)

(3 * 1) (4 * 3) (5 * 4) (3 * 2) (4 * 2) (5 * 3) (3 * 3) (4 * 1) (5 * 1)
(3 * 1) (6 * 3) (3 * 4) (3 * 2) (6 * 2) (3 * 3) (3 * 3) (6 * 1) (3 * 1)

3 6 4
3 12 20
3 18 12

643
6 8 15
6 12 9

9 2 1

13
9 4 5 35
33
9 6 3

13
29
27

12
18
18

VECTOR PRODUCT
3. Find

: A2-5A+6I
2
A 2
1

3
1 3
1

VECTOR PRODUCT
3. Find

: A3-7A2 -5A+13I
5
A 2
4

1 2
1 3

TYPES OF MATRIX

12. Idempotent Matrix

A2=A

13. Orthogonal Matrix

A.AT=1

1
1

3
3
3

5
5
1
2

1
2

DETERMINANT OF ORDER TWO

Not

just Arrangement but also Numerical Value

Only SQUARE MATRIX have determinant.
Determinant is denoted as IAI.

a
c

Example:

3
2

b
ad bc
d

2
3 *1 ( 2 * 2) 3 4 1
1

DETERMINANT OF ORDER THREE

a
A a
a
a a
a
a (a
11

21

31

22

11

12

13

22

23

32

33

23

21

23

12

32

11

a a
a a
a a
a a a a a
a a a a a a a
a a a ) a (a a a a

22

31

32

23

33

12

21

Example : Find the value of:

4
1

22

31

32

13

33

33

21

2
5
3
5
1

33

23

) a13 (a21 a32 a22 a31)

31

2
5
( 4)
5
1

4
1

2( 20 2) 3( 25 2) 4( 5 4)
2( 18) 3( 23) 4( 1)
36 69 4 101

DETERMINANT OF ORDER THREE

Example : Find the value of:

2
1

3
2

4
2

33
2

3
2

4
2

Ans:21
Ans;70

TYPES OF MATRIX

12. Singular Matrix

IAI=0

1 2
3 6

13.Non Singular Matrix

IAI0

1 3
5 7

CO-FACTORS OF MATRIX
Minor of

matrix:

If we cross one row and column corresponding to the

particular element of a matrix, the determinant of remaining
sub matrix is called Minor of Matrix.

2
Minorof a11 1
3
3
Value of minor 2

3
3
2

1
3

2
2
1

2
1

2
3 *1 ( 2 * 2) 3 4 1
1

CO-FACTORS OF MATRIX
(i j )

Co-factor

=Minor * (.1)

Cofactor

is represented by:

A 1

(i j )

ij

(minor ofa

ij

2 3 1
11 3
2
2
1 3 2
a11
(1) 2 1 (1) 3 4 (1)(1)
3 2 1

ADJOINT OF A MATRIX
ADJOINT -Transpose
It

of the cofactor

is denoted by A.

A
A

A
A

11

21

Example:

.........

n1

n2

Find adjoint of

1
1

A
A
A

11

21

31

1n

...........
.............
.............

22

..........

A
A

............

12

1
2
1

A
A
A

12
22

32

1
3
3

A
A

23

33

........

Ann
2n

A13

ADJOINT OF A MATRIX
A

(1)

11

12

13

11

(1)

(1)

1 2

1 3

9
5

Similarly we can find other co-factors.

3
adjA 9
5

4
1
3

5
4
1

ADJOINT OF A MATRIX
Example:

Ans:

Find adjoint of :

4
2

57
21

Ans:
9

8
2
0

43
19
6

0
0
6

167
56
39

1
1

9
7

4
2
0

15
16
1

0
0
2

17
7
4

INVERSE OF A MATRIX
If A be

any n rowed square matrix, there exists another n

rowed square matrix B such that AB=BA= In

If A is

the inverse of B, then B is also the inverse of A.

Inverse - unique & IAI0
1

A
Inverse

of

adjA

MATRIX REPRESENTATION OF
LINEAR EQUATION
Let

the linear equation be:

a x a x ....... a x b
a x a x ....... a x b
11

12

1n

21

22

2n

.................... .......... ...... ......

Matrix

a x a x
m1

Representation:

a a

A a a

11

12

......

a
a

1n

m2

......... a mn xn bm

x
x

21
22
2n
...
...... ...... ....... ......

.......
am1 am 2
amn
......

B b

...

AX=B
X

A B

xn

...

INVERSE OF MATRIX
Find

of

A
A
A

11

21

31

A
A
A

12
22

32

13

23

33

A
A
A

MATRIX REPRESENTATION OF
LINEAR EQUATION
Example:

2x-3y=3

4x-y=11
2 3 x 3
4 1 y 11

x
y

2
4

3
1

3
11

adjA
A

3
1 1
2
10 4
3 / 10
1 / 10

4
/
10
2
/
10

3 / 10 3
X
1 / 10
Y 4 / 10
2 / 10 11

X
3

Y
1

X=3 Y=1

Thank You