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Lecture 22. Ideal Bose and Fermi Gas (Ch. 7) : Fermions: N Bosons: N

1. The document discusses the partition functions and distribution functions for ideal Fermi gases, Bose gases, and Maxwell-Boltzmann gases. 2. For a Fermi gas, the grand partition function and Fermi-Dirac distribution are derived. Only one fermion can occupy each single-particle state. 3. For a Bose gas, the grand partition function and Bose-Einstein distribution are derived. Multiple bosons can occupy the same single-particle state. 4. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is the low density limit where the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions converge. It is equivalent to the Boltzmann distribution for classical particles

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Deepak Baghel
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133 views

Lecture 22. Ideal Bose and Fermi Gas (Ch. 7) : Fermions: N Bosons: N

1. The document discusses the partition functions and distribution functions for ideal Fermi gases, Bose gases, and Maxwell-Boltzmann gases. 2. For a Fermi gas, the grand partition function and Fermi-Dirac distribution are derived. Only one fermion can occupy each single-particle state. 3. For a Bose gas, the grand partition function and Bose-Einstein distribution are derived. Multiple bosons can occupy the same single-particle state. 4. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is the low density limit where the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions converge. It is equivalent to the Boltzmann distribution for classical particles

Uploaded by

Deepak Baghel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 22. Ideal Bose and Fermi gas (Ch.

7)
Gibbs factor

N E
Z exp

k BT

N E
exp

k
T
B

the grand partition function


of ideal quantum gas:

Z Z i Zi exp ni i
i

ni

k BT

fermions: ni = 0 or 1 bosons: ni = 0, 1, 2, .....


Outline
1.Fermi-Dirac statistics (of fermions)
2.Bose-Einstein statistics (of bosons)
3.Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics
4.Comparison of FD, BE and MB.

The Partition Function of an Ideal Fermi Gas


The grand partition function for all particles in the ith
single-particle state (the sum is taken over all possible
values of ni) :

ni i
Z i exp

k BT
ni

If the particles are fermions,


n can only be 0 or 1:
Putting all the levels
together, the full partition
function is given by:

Z FD

FD
i

1 exp
k BT

i

1 exp
i
k BT

Fermi-Dirac Distribution
The probability of a state to be occupied by a fermion:

ni i
1
P i , ni exp

Zi
k
T
B

ni 0, 1

The mean number of fermions in a particular state:


1
1

ni
Zi
1 exp i
Z i
1 exp i

exp i

1 exp i

1
exp
i 1

Fermi-Dirac distribution
( is determined by T
and the particle density)

nFD

exp

1

1
k BT

Fermi-Dirac Distribution
At T = 0, all the states with <
have the occupancy = 1, all the
states with > have the
occupancy = 0 (i.e., they are
unoccupied). With increasing T, the
step-like function is smeared over
the energy range ~ kBT.

1
~ kBT

T =0

(with respect to )

The macrostate of such system is completely defined if we


know the mean occupancy for all energy levels, which is
often called the distribution function:

f E n E

While f(E) is often less than unity, it is not a probability:

f E n

n=N/V the average


density of particles

The Partition Function of an Ideal Bose Gas


The grand partition function for all particles in the ith
single-particle state (the sum is taken over all possible
values of ni) :
ni i

Z i exp
ni

k BT

If the particles are Bosons, n can be any #, i.e. 0, 1, 2,


ni i

Z i exp
1 exp

k
T
ni 0
B

2
If x 1, 1 x x L 1 x

Zi

k B T

BE

2 i

exp
L

k B T

i
1 exp

kBT

Putting all the levels

i
together, the full partition Z BE 1 exp

i
kBT
function is given by:

min i

Bose-Einstein Distribution
The probability of a state to be occupied by a Boson:

ni i
1
P i , ni
exp

Zi
k
T
B

ni 0,1,2,L

The mean number of Bosons in a particular state:

i
1

ni
Z i 1 exp
1 exp i

Z i
k BT

i
1 exp

k BT

exp i

1 exp

Bose-Einstein distribution
nBE
exp

exp i 1

min

1
The mean number of particles in a
given state for the BEG can exceed

1 unity, it diverges as min().

k BT

Comparison of FD and BE Distributions


2

nFD

<n>

BE
1

FD

exp

nBE

n n
0
-6

1

1
k BT

exp
-4

-2

0
2
( )/kBT



when
? 1, exp
? 1
k BT
k BT

Maxwell-Boltzmann
distribution:

1

1

k BT

nFD nBE
exp

nMB

exp

1

k BT

1

kBT

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution (ideal gas model)


Recall the Boltzmann distribution (ch.6) derived from canonical ensemble:

Z1 V

2 mk B T

h2

N T ,V

1 N
Z
Z1 F k B T ln Z Nk B T ln
1

N!
NVQ

V
1 N
N
k B T ln

ln

exp
NVQ
Z1
Z1

3/ 2

VQ

The mean number of particles in a particular state of N particles in


volume V:

nMB N P

N
exp exp exp exp
Z1

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution


nMB exp
MB is the low density limit where the

k
T
B

difference between FD and BE disappears.


nVQ = 1 i.e. N Z1 = 1 and 0

nVQ 1

Comparison of FD, BE and MB Distribution


2

<n>

MB
1

BE

nBE

FD

n n
0
-6

nFD

-4

-2

0
2
( )/kBT

exp

1

1
k BT
1


exp
1

k BT


nMB exp

k
T
B

what are the possible values of MB , FD , and BE ? assume 0

MB 0

FD F 0

BE min 0

Comparison of FD, BE and MB Distribution


(at low density limit)

1.0
<n>

= - kBT

MB
FD
BE

0.5

0.0

The difference between FD, BE


and MB gets smaller when gets
more negative.

i.e., when = 0, nFD nBE nMB


0

/kBT

MB is the low density limit where


the difference between FD and BE
disappears.

0.2
MB
FD
BE

<n>

= - 2kBT

0.1

0.0

nVQ = 1 i.e. N Z1 = 1
0

2
/kBT

Comparison between Distributions


Boltzmann
nk

exp

k BT

Bose
Einstein
nk

exp

1

1
k BT

Fermi
Dirac
nk

exp

1

1
k BT

indistinguishable
Z=(Z1)N/N!
nK<<1

indistinguishable
integer spin 0,1,2

indistinguishable
half-integer spin 1/2,3/2,5/2

spin doesnt matter

bosons

fermions

localized particles
dont overlap

wavefunctions overlap
total symmetric

wavefunctions overlap
total anti-symmetric

gas molecules
at low densities

photons
4
He atoms

free electrons in metals


electrons in white dwarfs

unlimited number of
particles per state
nK<<1

unlimited number of
particles per state

never more than 1


particle per state

The Course Summary


Ensemble

Macrostate

microcanonical

U, V, N
(T fluctuates)

canonical

T, V, N
(U fluctuates)

grand
canonical

Probability

Pn

The grand potential

k BT ln Z

S U , V , N k B ln

En

1 kB T
Pn e
Z

1
T, V,
Pn e
(N, U fluctuate)
Z

Thermodynamics

En N n
kB T

F T , V , N k B T ln Z
T , V , k B T ln Z

(the Landau free energy) is a generalization


of F=-kBT lnZ

- the appearance of as a variable, while


d SdT PdV Nd
computationally very convenient for the grand canonical
ensemble, is not natural. Thermodynamic properties of
systems are eventually measured with a given density of particles. However, in the
grand canonical ensemble, quantities like pressure or N are given as functions of the
natural variables T,V and . Thus, we need to use
in terms of T and n=N/V.

/ T ,V

N to eliminate

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