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Servo Motors Types and Applications

A servo motor is a mechanical motorized device that can be instructed to move its output shaft to a specified position. It contains a DC motor mechanically linked to a position feedback potentiometer, gearbox, and electronic control circuitry. Servos are controlled by pulse width modulated signals that instruct the position. There are several types of servos including positional rotation servos, continuous rotation servos, and linear servos. Servo motors provide precise position control using feedback and are widely used in applications like robotics, CNC machines, and 3D printers.

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Lakshman Reddy
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3K views22 pages

Servo Motors Types and Applications

A servo motor is a mechanical motorized device that can be instructed to move its output shaft to a specified position. It contains a DC motor mechanically linked to a position feedback potentiometer, gearbox, and electronic control circuitry. Servos are controlled by pulse width modulated signals that instruct the position. There are several types of servos including positional rotation servos, continuous rotation servos, and linear servos. Servo motors provide precise position control using feedback and are widely used in applications like robotics, CNC machines, and 3D printers.

Uploaded by

Lakshman Reddy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Presented by:

SERVO
MOTORS
Rajesh Dopplapudi
Sc.no:142113214

Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Servo structure
3. Servo terms
4. Servo centering
5. Mechanism
6. Servo types
7. Modified servos
8. Applications
9. Servo drives

Introduction:
A servo motor is a mechanical motorized device that can be
instructed to move the output shaft attached to a servo wheel or
arm to a specified position.

Inside the servo box is a DC motor mechanically linked to a


position feedback potentiometer, gearbox, electronic feedback
control loop circuitry and motor drive electronic circuit.

servo looks like a plastic rectangular box with a rotary shaft


coming up and out the top of the box and three electrical wires
out of the servo side to a plastic 3 pin connector.

Structure of servomotor

Servos are controlled by sending pulse width signals (PWM) from


an external electronic device that generates the PWM signal
values, such as a servo controller.

PWM signals sent to the servo are translated into position values
by electronics inside the servo.

A pulse width signal (PWM) of approximately 1.5 mS (1500 uS) is


the "neutral" position for the servo.

BASIC TERMS:
neutral is defined to be the point where the servomotor has
exactly the same amount of potential rotation in the counter
clockwise direction as it does in the clockwise direction.
Servo Speed is defined as the amount of time ( in seconds) that a
servo arm attached to the servo output shaft will move from 0 to
60 degrees.
Servo Torque is defined as the total push / pull power a servo can
apply on a 1" servo arm when moving.

Servo Power is defined as the amount of DC Voltage needed to


operate a Servo without damage.

Servo Centering:

1. Automated Servo Center Position:


The best and easiest way to set a servo's center position is to
connect the servo to a servo checker or tester.

2.

Manual Servo Center Position:

Obtained by drawing reference lines through the servo arm or


servo wheel center point at different positions.

Carefully remove the servo arm from the servo if not needed for
instillation or place the servo arms on top of the servo shaft,
secure it with servo screw and install the servo as needed.

Mechanism
As the name suggests, a servomotor is aservomechanism.

It is aclosed-loopservomechanism that uses position feedback


to control its motion and final position.

The motor is paired with some type ofencoderto provide


position and speed feedback. In the simplest case, only the
position is measured.

The very simplest servomotors use position-only sensing via


apotentiometerandbang-bang controlof their motor; the motor
always rotates at full speed (or is stopped).

Present servomotors measure both the position and also the


speed of the output shaft. They may also control the speed of
their motor, rather than always running at full speed.

These servo motors uses position control in addition with PID


algorithm.

Servo motors and are constructed out of basic DC motors, by


adding:
Some gear reduction.
A position sensor for the motor
shaft.
An electronic circuit that controls
the motor's operation.

Types of servo motors:


Servos come in many sizes and in three basic
types:

1. Positional rotation servo motor:


The output shaft rotates in about half of a circle, or 180 degrees.
It has physical stops placed in the gear mechanism to prevent
turning beyond these limits to protect the rotational sensor.
Radio-controlled cars and water- and aircraft, toys, robots,
and many other applications.

2.

Continuous rotation servo motor


It can turn in either direction indefinitely.

The control signal, rather than setting the static position of the
servo, is interpreted as the direction and speed of rotation.

You might use a servo of this type on a radar dish if you mounted
one on a robot. Or you could use one as a drive motor on a
mobile robot.

3.

Linear servo motor:

This is also like the positional rotation servo motor, but with
additional gears (usually a rack and pinion mechanism) to change
the output from circular to back-and-forth.

These servo motors are not easy to find, but we can sometimes find
them at hobby stores where they are used as actuators in larger
model airplanes.

Types of servo motors by electrical analogy:


1. D.C. Servomotor:a. Shunt wound d.c. motor
b. Series wound d.c. motor
c. Compound wound d.c. motor

2. A.C. Servomotors:a. Induction motor a.c. motor


b. Synchronous a.c. motor

DC Servo motors:
DC servo motors are controlled by DC command signals applied
directly to coils.

The magnetic fields that are formed interact with permanent


magnets and cause the rotating member to turn.

One type of PM uses a wound armature and brushes like a


conventional DC motor, but uses magnets as pole pieces.

Another type uses wound field coils and a permanent magnet


rotor.

AC Servo Motors:
Controlled by AC command signals applied to the coils.
AC Brushless Servo Motor
Operates on the same principle as single-phase
induction motor.
The stator has two distributed windings displaced
90 electrical degree apart.
One winding is the reference phase and is connected to
a constant voltage source.
The other winding is the control phase and is supplied
with a variable voltage of the same frequency as the
reference phase but is phase-displaced by 90 electrical
degree.

Servomotors vs Steppermotors:
A servomotor consumes power as it rotates to the commanded
position but then the servomotor rests.

Stepper motors run warm to the touch because they continue


to consume power to lock in and hold the commanded
position.
Servomotors are generally used as a high performance
alternative to the stepper motor.
The lack of feedback of a stepper motor, it can only drive a load
that is well within its capacity, otherwise missed steps under load
may lead to positioning errors and the system may have to be
restarted or recalibrated.

Modified Servos:
Servo motors can also be retrofitted to provide continuous rotation:
remove mechanical limit (revert back to DC motor
shaft)
remove pot position sensor (no need to tell
position)
This is done by removing the feedback sensor, and replacing it with an
equivalent circuit that creates the same readings as the sensor being
at 90 degrees

Applications of Servo motor


Machine Tool (Metal Cutting)
Metal forming
Antenna Positioning
Woodworking
Textiles
Printing
Rope/Twine manufacturing
Medical equipment

Servo drives :

Servo drives are designed to offer among other things, exact


control, optimum torque as well as a rich set of features to
complement the linear positioning systems and rotary
servomotors.

Servo drives can be used by a machine to offer excellent


quality motion control in a very dynamic application.

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