This document provides information on various endemic species found in the Philippines. It begins by defining endemic species and explaining different levels of endemism. It then discusses the state of biodiversity in the Philippines, noting that over half of the country's plant and animal species are endemic. Examples are provided of endemic species from different groups like amphibians, mammals, and birds. The document highlights threats to endemic species like habitat loss and explains their importance for biodiversity conservation, as their extinction would result in loss of unique genetic diversity. Profiles of 13 endemic Philippine species are also included, providing details on their distribution, population trends, threats, and conservation actions.
This document provides information on various endemic species found in the Philippines. It begins by defining endemic species and explaining different levels of endemism. It then discusses the state of biodiversity in the Philippines, noting that over half of the country's plant and animal species are endemic. Examples are provided of endemic species from different groups like amphibians, mammals, and birds. The document highlights threats to endemic species like habitat loss and explains their importance for biodiversity conservation, as their extinction would result in loss of unique genetic diversity. Profiles of 13 endemic Philippine species are also included, providing details on their distribution, population trends, threats, and conservation actions.
This document provides information on various endemic species found in the Philippines. It begins by defining endemic species and explaining different levels of endemism. It then discusses the state of biodiversity in the Philippines, noting that over half of the country's plant and animal species are endemic. Examples are provided of endemic species from different groups like amphibians, mammals, and birds. The document highlights threats to endemic species like habitat loss and explains their importance for biodiversity conservation, as their extinction would result in loss of unique genetic diversity. Profiles of 13 endemic Philippine species are also included, providing details on their distribution, population trends, threats, and conservation actions.
This document provides information on various endemic species found in the Philippines. It begins by defining endemic species and explaining different levels of endemism. It then discusses the state of biodiversity in the Philippines, noting that over half of the country's plant and animal species are endemic. Examples are provided of endemic species from different groups like amphibians, mammals, and birds. The document highlights threats to endemic species like habitat loss and explains their importance for biodiversity conservation, as their extinction would result in loss of unique genetic diversity. Profiles of 13 endemic Philippine species are also included, providing details on their distribution, population trends, threats, and conservation actions.
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Philippine
Endemic Species group csefajari Biodiversity (Bio 8) 2015
endemic species: a species
which is only found in a given region or location and nowhere else in the world.
This definition requires that the region that the species
is endemic to, be defined, such as:
site endemic (e.g. just found on Mount
Celaque);
national endemic (e.g. found only in
Honduras);
geographical range endemic (e.g.
found in the Himalayan region, which however covers several Himalayan countries and therefore is not a national endemic); political region endemic (e.g. found in countries of Central America).
State of Philippine Biodiversity
NewCAPP (New Conservation Areas in the Philippines Project
more than 52,177 described
species, half of which are endemic more than 1,130 terrestrial wildlife species recorded for the Philippines (49 percent or half are endemic); 157 are threatened (128 are threatened endemic) between 10,000 and 14,000 species of vascular and non-vascular plants, more than half of which are
species of amphibians (101 species) and reptiles (258 species) are now known in the country. Of the 359 species, 246 are endemic currently the highest known percentage endemism among vertebrates. 576 species of birds (195 are endemic). This record makes the Philippines the 4th country in the world terms of bird endemism. About 45 species are
174 mammalian species
(111 are endemic), the archipelago has the greatest concentration of terrestrial mammalian diversity in the world and the greatest concentration of endemic mammals in the world on a per unit basis. mammal assemblage in the Philippines is the 8th most threatened in the world, with 50
Importance of Endemic Species in Biodiversity threats pointed to endemic species establishes more risk of extinction compared to the broadly distributed species when an endemic plant species becomes extinct, it takes with it between 10 and 30 endemic animal species - Climate Change and Biodiversity, edited by Thomas E. Lovejoy
Importance of Endemic Species in Biodiversity some endemics of distinct regions may function as a sort of collective insurance for continued genetic diversity in the face of rapid changes, while others are at greatest risk of extinction as conditions change - Endemic Species are Your Home Team for the Ecosystem (http://www.stateconservation.org/mississippi/? q=art&id=93)
Importance of Endemic Species in Biodiversity biodiversity hotspots' where exceptional concentrations of endemic species are undergoing exceptional loss of habitat could constitute a kind of silver bullet for biodiversity conservation (seminal paper in Nature by Norman Myers et al.24 February, 2000. Vol. 403)
Mindanao Tree Shrew Urogale everetti
Range Description:
Population Trend:
Endemic to the Mindanao Faunal Region, Philippines. Found
in Dinagat, Mindanao (Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, and Zamboanga del Sur provinces), and Siargao. Stable
Threat Category:
LC (Least Concern)
Threats:
The major threat is deforestation that has occurred at lower
elevations, and much of this species' habitat below 1000 m has been lost. This species occurs in several protected areas.
Conservation Actions:
Range Description:
Philippine Dawn Fruit Bat Eonycteris robusta (Chiroptera Pteropodidae)
Population Trend:
Endemic to the Philippines.
Found in most large islands except the Palawan Faunal Region and the Batanes and Babuyan group of islands. Decreasing
Threat Category:
NT (Near Threatened)
Threats:
Deforestation and cave
disturbance.
Conservation Actions:
E. robustaoccurs in protected areas and the caves in which the species roosts are given nominal protection under the Cave Management Act, but enforcement of this legislation is weak. Habitat loss has been high in the past but the species is perhaps less threatened currently than it was 20 years ago (L. Heaney pers. comm. 2006). It is probably hunted in parts of its range, along with other cave-roosting bats, although
Palawan Stink Badger
Mydaus marchei (Carnivora - Mephitidae)
Population Trend:
This species is endemic to the Palawan Island Group,
situated between Borneo and the Philippines. Found on Palawan Island, Busuanga, and Calauit, and is not found on some of the smaller outlying coral islands like Rasa and Malinau, and also not on the larger land-bridge island of Dumaran (Widmann and Widmann, 2004). Unknown
Threat Category:
LC (Least Concern)
Threats:
Further alteration to grassland and/or permanent
agriculture. Car traffic may also pose a threat to this species. (Widmann and Widmann, 2004)
Conservation Actions:
There are no local laws protecting this species.
Range Description:
Visayan Spotted Deer
Rusa alfredi (Artiodactyla - Cervidae)
Range Description:
Endemic to the Western Visayan Islands (or Negros-Panay
Faunal Region) of the central Philippines.
Population Trend:
Decreasing
Threat Category:
EN (Endangered)
Threats:
This species has declined primarily as a result of habitat
conversion (agriculture and logging) and hunting (Cox 1987; Oliveret al., 1991; Oliver 1992). Despite being fully protected by law, this species is still intensively hunted throughout its remaining range; both by local farmers in hinterland communities and recreational hunters from larger cities. This species is fully protected under Philippine law, but effective enforcement is wanting in most in most areas.
The species is endemic to the Philippines being restricted to
the Palawan Faunal Region (Heaneyet al. 1998). It has been recorded from Palawan, and Busuanga islands. Decreasing
Threat Category:
VU (Vulnerable)
Threats:
Forest clearance and is hunted for food. It is an important
game species for some ethnic communities (Esselstynet al. 2004). It is also traded nationally as a pet, private collectors in the Philippines (I. Widmann pers. comm.). The species occurs in some protected areas. It is also one of the focal species monitored by wildlife wardens to record the extent of hunting in the Culasian Managed Resources Protected Area in Rizal (southern Palawan) and in Omoi Cockatoo Reserve in Dumaran (I. Widmann pers. comm.).
Conservation Actions:
Tamaraw
Range Description:
Bubalus mindorensis (Artiodactyla - Bovidae)
Population Trend: Threat Category: Threats:
Conservation Actions:
Endemic to the Philippine island of
Mindoro (9,735 km in area), where it was formerly widespread across the island. The current range is estimated to cover less than 300 km, in only two or three areas: Mount Iglit-Baco National Park (within the Iglit mountain range), Mount Aruyan/Sablayan, and Decreasing Mount Calavite Tamaraw Preserve. CR (Critically Endangered) The main current threat to the Tamaraw is habitat loss due to farming by resettled and local people, with a high human population growth rates in and around its remaining habitat. In some areas, fires set for agriculture are a threat to thetotal species' habitat. Tamaraw receive protection under Philippine law. The largest of the three known subpopulations occurs in Mount Iglit-Baco National Park.
Mindanao Bleeding-heart
Gallicolumba crinigera (Columbidae)
Population Trend:
Endemic to thePhilippines, where it is known from Samar,
Leyte, Bohol, Dinagat, Mindanao and Basilan (Collaret al.1999). Decreasing
Threat Category:
VU (Vulnerable)
Threats:
The near-total loss of lowland forest throughout its range has
caused its decline.Trapping for food and trade is a problem for all terrestrial birds in the Philippines.
Conservation Actions:
A 7,000-hectare nesting site of the Philippine Eagle which
includes Mindanao Bleeding Heart habitat was recently declared by a local government as protected in Mount Hamiguitan(J. Ibanezin litt. 2007)
Range Description:
Philippine Hawk-Cuckoo
Hierococcyx pectoralis (Cuculidae)
Population Trend:
Endemic to thePhilippines, occurring on the islands of
Banton, Basilan, Bohol, Cagayancillo, Catanduanes, Cebu, Jolo, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Tablas, and Ticao (Erritzoeet al.2012). It is considered uncommon to rare, but also that it may be overlooked (Erritzoeet al.2012). Decreasing
Threat Category:
LC (Least Concern)
Threats:
Unknown
Conservation Actions:
Unknown
Range Description:
Naked-faced Spiderhunter
Arachnothera clarae (Nectariniidae)
Range Description:
Endemic to thePhilippines.
Population Trend:
Stable
Threat Category:
LC (Least Concern)
Threats:
There is absence of evidence for any declines or substantial
threats.
Conservation Actions:
Unknown
Camiguin Hanging-parrot
Loriculus camiguinensis (Psittacidae)
Range Description:
Endemic to Camiguin Island, Philippines.
Population Trend:
Unknown
Threat Category:
Unknown
Threats:
This species is threatened by a naturally limited range,
habitat destruction and trapping for the wild bird trade.
Conservation Actions:
Unknown
Range Description:
Calayan Rail
Gallirallus calayanensis (Rallidae)
Population Trend: Threat Category: Threats:
Conservation Actions:
Endemic to Calayan Island in the
Babuyan Islands, Northern Philippines, where it was recorded and a specimen collected from Longog, Barangay Magsidel, in May 2004. Stable VU (Vulnerable) In those parts of the island with forested coralline limestone outcrops, the soil is often very thin or absent, and hence unsuitable for agriculture. Subsistent logging. Construction of roads. The Calayan municipal council has passed Municipal Ordinance No. 84, which prohibits the capture, sale, possession and collection of the Calayan Rail (Espaola and Oliveros 2006).
Handsome Sunbird
Aethopyga bella (Nectariniidae)
Range Description:
This species is endemic to the Philippines.
Population Trend:
Stable
Threat Category:
LC (Least Concern)
Threats:
Unknown
Conservation Actions:
Unknown
Philippine Cat Snake
Boiga philippina (Squamata Serpentes Colubridae) Range Description:
Population Trend:
Endemic to the Philippines. It has been recorded from Luzon
(the Sierra Madre), and more recently from Camiguin Norte, Babuyan Claro and Dalupiri (R. Brown pers. comm. 2007; Broad and Oliveros 2005). Unknown
Threat Category:
LC (Least Concern)
Threats:
This species is generally threatened by ongoing habitat loss
and fragmentation, mostly related to slash and burn agricultural practices, and logging operations (including illegal extraction). This species is present within protected areas in the northern part of the Sierra Madre mountain range. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, ecology, and threats.
Known from only 4 specimens this species has acquired a
mythical reputation that will make any further animals extremely valuable in the pet trade. There are no data to estimate its extent of occurrence, but it is presumed to be either extremely rare or restricted to one or very few small localities. It is listed on CITES Appendix II.
Endemic to the Philippines. It has been recorded from the
islands of Luzon, Mindoro, Masbate, and Marinduque.
Population Trend:
Decreasing
Threat Category:
NT (Near Threatened)
Threats:
The species is widely persecuted, especially in and around
agricultural areas. Animals are collected for the exotic food trade (within the Philippines), and to a much lesser degree, for the pet trade. This snake is also collected and used for anti-venom production by the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM). It is presumably present in some protected areas. Awareness programmes are needed to reduce levels of persecution. Better control and enforcement of legislation to regulate the exotic food trade is also needed. International trade in this species is regulated by CITES.
Conservation Actions:
Whitefin Topeshark
Hemitriakis leucoperiptera (Triakidae)
Range Description: Population Trend:
This species occurs on the Northwest Pacific: Philippine
Islands (Dumaguete, Negros, also Bagac Bay, Bataan Prov., Luzon). It is found inshore down to 48 m. Unknown
Threat Category:
EN (Endangered)
Threats:
The species is probably taken as utilized bycatch by local
fisheries in the Philippines. However, past and continuing population reduction is probable, due to the heavy inshore fishing occurring throughout its limited area of distribution. It may also be suffering from habitat loss and deterioration, for dynamite and cyanide fishing have affected much of the reef habitat in its area. None.
Conservation Actions:
Gloeocarpus
Gloeocarpus patentivalvis 1 spp. (Sapindaceae)
Range Description:
A rare tree restricted to Mindanao, Samar, Leyte and Luzon.
Population Trend:
Unknown
Threat Category:
EN (Endangered)
Threats:
Unknown
Conservation Actions:
Unknown
Fowlie's Paphiopedilum
Paphiopedilum fowliei
Range Description:
Endemic to the Philippines, localized on one island
(Palawan). Found in low elevations.
Population Trend:
Unknown
Threat Category:
CR (Critically Endangered)
Threats:
Loss and degradadtion of habitat and over-collection for
trade. Utilized as an ornamental plant.
Conservation Actions:
The entire island of Palawan is declared a protected area.
Spoon-leaf Sundew
Drosera spatulata
Range Description:
Population Trend:
Drosera spatulata can be found found in Australia,
Tasmania, and New Zealand, and also in various parts of the Far East, including China, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Borneo, and the Philippines Unknown
Threat Category:
Unknown
Threats:
Unknown
Conservation Actions:
Unknown
Peltate Nephentes Nepenthes peltata
Range Description:
From Mt. Hamiguitan
Range, Mindanao, Philippines
Population Trend: Threat Category: Threats:
Unknown
Conservation Actions:
Unknown
Unknown Unknown
Sea Poison Tree
Barringtonia asiatica
Range Description:
Population Trend: Threat Category: Threats: Conservation Actions:
Endemic to mangrove habitats on the tropical coasts and islands of the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean from Zanzibar east to Taiwan, the Philippines, Fiji, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, the Cook Islands, Wallis and Futuna and French Unknown Polynesia. LC (Least Concern) Unknown Unknown
Reference http://www.biodiversity-worldwide.info/endemism.htm State of Philippine Biodiversity http://www.newcapp.org/cgi-bin/news/content.php?id= 78 Endemic Species are Your Home Team for the Ecosystem. http://www.stateconservation.org/mississippi/?q=art&i d=93 www.arkive.org
Citations Tabaranza, B., Ruedas L., Widmann, P. & Esselstyn, J. 2008.Mydaus marchei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. www.iucnredlist.org Ong, P., Rosell-Ambal, G., Tabaranza, B., Walston, J., Balete, D., Alcala, E., Reizl, J.C., Ramayla, S., Sedlock, J., Gomez, R., Gonzalez, J.C., Ingle, N. & Heaney, L. 2008.Eonycteris robusta. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3 Tabaranza, B., Gonzalez, J.C., Rosell-Ambal, G. & Heaney, L. 2008.Urogale everetti. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Oliver, W., MacKinnon, J., Heaney, L. & Lastica, E. 2008.Rusa alfredi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Heaney, L., Balete, D., Rosell-Ambal, G., Tabaranza, B., Ong, P. & Widmann, P. 2008.Hystrix pumila. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Hedges, S., Duckworth, J.W., Huffman, B., de Leon, J., Custodio, C. & Gonzales, J. 2013.Bubalus mindorensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. BirdLife International 2013.Gallicolumba crinigera. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. BirdLife International 2014.Hierococcyx pectoralis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3.
Citations BirdLife International (2015) Species factsheet:Arachnotheraclarae. http://www.parrots.org/index.php/encyclopedia/profile/camiguin_hanging_parrot/ BirdLife International 2012.Aethopyga bella. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Brown, R. & Diesmos, A. 2009.Boiga philippina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2000.Siebenrockiella leytensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Sy, E., Brown, R., Afuang, L., Diesmos, A. & Gonzalez, J.C. 2009.Naja philippinensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Compagno, L.J.V. 2006.Hemitriakis leucoperiptera. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. van Welzen, P.C. 1998.Gloeocarpus patentivalvis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Agoo, E.M.G., Cootes, J., Golamco, A., Jr., de Vogel, E.F. & Tiu, D. 2004.Paphiopedilum fowliei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3.
