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Oracle Training in Hyderabad

Oracle 11g Institutes : kelly technologies is the best Oracle 11g Training Institutes in Hyderabad. Providing Oracle 11g training by real time faculty in Hyderabad.

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kellytechnologies
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64 views25 pages

Oracle Training in Hyderabad

Oracle 11g Institutes : kelly technologies is the best Oracle 11g Training Institutes in Hyderabad. Providing Oracle 11g training by real time faculty in Hyderabad.

Uploaded by

kellytechnologies
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ORACLE ARCHITECTURE

Overview

Presented By
Kelly Technologies
www.kellytechno.com

ORACLE TERMS
Schema logical collection of users objects
Tablespace logical space used for storage
Datafile physical file used for storage
Extent group of contiguous blocks
Block unit of physical storage

www.kellytechno.com

database vs. instance

ORACLE
ARCHITECTURE

Database

Instance

Parameter files*
Control files**
Data files
Redo Log files

System Global Area (SGA)


Background Processes

Disk

Memory

* Parameter files include the init<SID>.ora and config<SID>.ora files. These


are used to set options for the database.
** Control files contain information about the db in binary form. They can be
backed up to a text file however.
www.kellytechno.com

ORACLE VS. ACCESS AND MYSQL


Access
One

.mdb file contains all objects


Limited roles/permissions

MySQL
Three

files per table


Permissions based on user, database, and host

Oracle

Many

files
Many roles/permissions possible

www.kellytechno.com

THE ORACLE DATA


DICTIONARY
Collection

of tables and views that show the


inner workings and structure of the db
static data dictionary views
owned

by SYS
created by catalog.sql script at db creation
contain DDL info

dynamic
also

data dictionary views

referred to as V$ views
based on virtual tables (X$ tables)
provide info about the instance

www.kellytechno.com

MORE DATA DICTIONARY


Create table samples (
ID number(3) primary key,
Type varchar2(5),
Constraint type_ck check (type in (photo,swatch))
);

1. Samples table created in users schema


2. Primary key index created in users schema (SYS_C984620)
3. Data dictionary is also updated, with rows being inserted into
tables underlying the following data dictionary views:
User_objects
User_constraints
User_cons_columns
And lots more
www.kellytechno.com

ORACLE ODDS AND


ENDS

Dual table
SELECT 1+1*400 FROM DUAL;

% - the SQL wildcard

inserting apostrophes

SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE ename like %neil%;

Case sensitive string matching


INSERT INTO emp (name) VALUES (ONeill);
UPDATE emp
SET ename=UPPER(ename) WHERE ename='O''Neill';
www.kellytechno.com

SYSDATE
Sysdate

returns current system date AND time


use trunc function to remove time piece
Example:
select to_char (adate, dd-mon-yy hh24:mi:ss)
TO_CHAR(ADATE, DD-MON-YY:HH24:MI:SS)
17-feb-00 23:41:50

select adate from samples where trunc(adate)=17-feb-00;


ADATE
17-FEB-00

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ROWID
ROWID

is an internal number Oracle uses to


uniquely identify each row
NOT a primary key! Is the actual location of a
row on a disk. Very efficient for retrieval.
Format specifies block, row, and file (and object
in 8)
Oracle

7: BBBBBBB.RRRR.FFFFF
Oracle 8: OOOOOO.FFF.BBBBBB.RRR

Called

pseudo-column since can be selected


www.kellytechno.com

OUTER JOINS IN ORACLE

Add (+) to table where nulls are acceptable

SELECT *
FROM emp, dept
WHERE emp.deptno(+)=dept.id;

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ORACLE SQL FUNCTIONS


Upper(),

lower()
Substr(), replace(), rtrim(), concat()
Length()
Floor(),

sqrt(), min(), max(), stddev()

Add_months(),

last_day()

To_date(),

months_between(),

to_char(), to_lob()
www.kellytechno.com

MORE FUNCTIONS

nvl()
If

NULL, return this instead

Nvl(lastname,Anonymous)

decode()
Sort

of like an If/Then statement

Decode(gender,0,Male,1,Female,Unknown)

www.kellytechno.com

ORACLE ERROR MESSAGES


Divided into groups by first three letters (e.g.
ORA or TNS)
Number gives more information about error
Several messages may be related to only one
problem

oerr facility

www.kellytechno.com

CONSTRAINTS
Primary key
Foreign key
Unique, not null
Check
Name your constraints
User constraints, user_cons_columns

CREATE TABLE test (


id NUMBER(2),
col2 VARCHAR2(2),
col3 VARCHAR2(3),
CONSTRAINT test_pk PRIMARY KEY(id),
CONSTRAINT col3_ck CHECK (col3 IN
('yes','no'))
);
www.kellytechno.com

SELECT
user_constraints.constraint_name name,
constraint_type type,
user_constraints.search_condition
FROM user_constraints, user_cons_columns
WHERE
user_constraints.table_name=user_cons_columns.table_name
AND user_constraints.constraint_name=user_cons_columns.constraint_name
AND user_constraints.owner=user_cons_columns.owner
AND user_constraints.table_name=TEST;

NAME

T SEARCH_CONDITION

--------------- - ------------------------COL3_CK

C col3 IN ('yes','no')

TEST_PK

P
www.kellytechno.com

CONSTRAINTS
Oracle

naming of constraints is NOT intuitive!

enabling

and disabling

disable constraint constraint_name;


the

EXCEPTIONS table

run

utlexcpt.sql to create EXCEPTIONS table then


alter SQL statement:
SQL_query EXCEPTIONS into EXCEPTIONS;

www.kellytechno.com

MORE OBJECTS
Sequences
creating

the sequence

create sequence CustomerID increment by 1


start with 1000;

selecting

from the sequence

insert into customer (name, contact, ID)


values (TManage,Kristin
Chaffin,CustomerID.NextVal);
CurrVal is used after NextVal for related inserts

Synonyms
provide

location and owner transparency


Can be public or private
www.kellytechno.com

PL/SQL TRIGGERS
Executed

on insert, update, delete


Use to enforce business logic that cant be
coded through referential integrity or
constraints
Types of triggers
row

level (use FOR EACH ROW clause)


statement level (default)
Before and After triggers

Referencing

old and new values

www.kellytechno.com

TRIGGER EXAMPLE
SQL> desc all_triggers;
Name
Null?
------------------------------- -------OWNER
TRIGGER_NAME
TRIGGER_TYPE
TRIGGERING_EVENT
TABLE_OWNER
BASE_OBJECT_TYPE
TABLE_NAME
COLUMN_NAME
REFERENCING_NAMES
WHEN_CLAUSE
STATUS
DESCRIPTION
ACTION_TYPE
TRIGGER_BODY

Type
---VARCHAR2(30)
VARCHAR2(30)
VARCHAR2(16)
VARCHAR2(75)
VARCHAR2(30)
VARCHAR2(16)
VARCHAR2(30)
VARCHAR2(4000)
VARCHAR2(128)
VARCHAR2(4000)
VARCHAR2(8)
VARCHAR2(4000)
VARCHAR2(11)
LONG

www.kellytechno.com

TRIGGER EXAMPLE (CONT.)


SQL> select trigger_name from all_triggers where owner='SCOTT';
TRIGGER_NAME
-----------------------------AFTER_INS_UPD_ON_EMP
set lines 120
col trigger_name format a20
col triggering_event format a18
col table_name format a10
col description format a26
col trigger_body format a35
select trigger_name, trigger_type, triggering_event,
table_name, status, description, trigger_body
from all_triggers
where trigger_name='AFTER_INS_UPD_ON_EMP';

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TRIGGER EXAMPLE (CONT.)


SQL> /
TRIGGER_NAME
TRIGGER_TYPE
TRIGGERING_EVENT
TABLE_NAME STATUS
DESCRIPTION
-------------------- ---------------- ------------------ ---------- -------- ----------------------TRIGGER_BODY
----------------------------------AFTER_INS_UPD_ON_EMP BEFORE EACH ROW INSERT OR UPDATE
EMP
ENABLED
scott.after_ins_upd_on_emp
before insert or update
on scott.emp
for each row
begin
:new.ename := upper(:new.ename);
end;

The above trigger was created with the following statement:


create or replace trigger scott.after_ins_upd_on_emp
before insert or update on scott.emp
for each row
begin
:new.ename := upper(:new.ename);
end;

www.kellytechno.com

REMEMBER THOSE
VIEWS?
Query

USER_TRIGGERS to get trigger info


Query USER_SOURCE to get source of
procedure, function, package, or package body
Query USER_ERRORS to get error information
(or use show errors)
col name format a15
col text format a40
select name, type, text
from user_errors
order by name, type, sequence;

Query

USER_OBJECT to get status info


www.kellytechno.com

UNDERSTANDING INDEXES
Index

overhead

impact

on inserts, updates and deletes


batch inserts can be slowed by indexes - may want to
drop, then recreate
rebuilding indexes

Use

indexes when query will return less than 5%


of rows in a large table
Determining what to index
All

primary and foreign keys


Examine SQL and index heavily hit, selective columns
(columns often found in where clauses)
www.kellytechno.com

WHAT NOT TO INDEX


PREFERABLY
columns that are constantly updated
columns that contain a lot of null values
columns that have a poor distribution of data

Examples:

yes/no
true/false
male/female

www.kellytechno.com

THANK
YOU
www.kellytechno.com

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