WCDMA : Radio Access Network

Interfaces of UMTS System

UTRAN
Uu
UE

CN

Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

Circuit
Iu-CS MSC/VLR switched
(cs)
domain

Iub

RNC
Uu
Iur
UE

Iub

RNC

Iu-PS

Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

SGSN

packet
switched
(ps)
domain

WCDMA Technology
Users share same time and frequency
Frequency

WCDMA
Carrier
3 .8 4 M H z

f
5 MHz

5+5 MHz in FDD mode

Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA

Time

Spreading

Bits, Chips and Spreading Factor

Spreading Code

Data
Bit rate

chip rate

Each user data bit is multiplied with a sequence of 'x' code bits called CHIPS.

Data bits when spreaded with code sequence is known as chips

Example:

Data to spread = (1,-1,1,1)

Spreading code 1 = (1, -1)

Data after spreading = (1).(1, -1), (-1). (1,-1), (1).(1,-1), (1). (1,-1) = (1,-1, -1,1,1-1,1,-1)

Spreading factor (SF) = Spreaded Signal / Unspreaded Signal

= The number of chips per data

In the above example : SF= 8/4 = 2

Spreading and Despreading

Spreading

Each user data bit is multiplied with a sequence of 'x' code bits called CHIPS.

This 'x' determines the SPREADING FACTOR!!!!

The resulting spread data is at a rate of 'x' times R
Despreading
The spread user data/chip sequence is multiplied with the same 'x' code

chips to recover the original data.

Example:
Spreading code 1 = (1, -1)
Data to spread = (1,-1,1,1)
Data after spreading = (1, -1).(1), (1,-1).(-1), (1,-1).1, (1,-1).1 = (1,-1, -1,1,1-1,1,-1)
Despreading : Multiply the received signal with same spreading code
( 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1).(1,-1)
1. Take first two chips = (1,-1).(1,-1) = 1+1 = 2 = +ve => 1
2. Take next two chips = (-1,1).(1,-1) = -1 -1 = -2 = -ve => -1
3. Take next two chips = (1,-1).(1,-1) = 1+1 = 2 = +ve => 1
4. Take next two chips = 1,-1).(1,-1) = 1+1 = 2 = +ve => 1

Spreading & Processing Gain

Power density (Watts/Hz)

Spreading Operation helps the signal resist interference and also enables the
original data to be recovered if data bits are damaged during transmission

User bit
rate

R
Unspread narrowband signal

Spread wideband signal

Frequency

Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)

Processing
gain:

Gp dB

10*log W

Example
Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)

Power density
(W/Hz)

Gp=W/R=24.98
dB

Frequency (Hz)

Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

Power density
(W/Hz)

Gp=W/R=10
dB

Frequency (Hz)

Spreading
sequences have a
different length
Processing gain
depends on the
user data rate

Importance of
this gain in design

Spreading

WCDMA Spreading and Scrambling Operation

In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreading operation
Channelisation code (spreading code) scrambling
Scrambling code Chanelization

code

code (SF)

Data
Bit rate

chip rate

chip rate

WCDMA Codes
In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreading operation
Channelisation code
Scrambling code
Scrambling code
DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency
UL: separates users
Channelisation code
DL: separates different users within a cell
UL: separates physical channels of one user

Property of the Chanalization (Spreading) Codes

Orthogonality
Two codes are said to be orthogonal when their inner

product is zero.
Let: let S1 be one SF code & S2 another

Then : S1* S2 = 0
Eg:(1, 1, 1, 1) and (1, 1, -1, -1) are orthogonal:

(1 * 1) + (1 * 1) + (1 * -1) + (1 * -1) = 0

Channelisation Code Tree

...
SF=
1

SF=
2

SF=4

C4(0)=[11
11]
C2(0)=[11
]

C0(0)=
[1]

C2(1)=[11]

SF=8

C8(0)=[11111
111]

SF=16

C16(0)=[.....
.......]
C (1)=[.....
16

.......]
C16(2)=[.....
C8(1)=[1111-1-1.......]
C16(3)=[.....
1-1]
.......]
C16(4)=[.....
C8(2)=[11-1.......]
C16(5)=[.....
111-1-1]
C4(1)=[11.......]
C16(6)=[.....
1-1]
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
.......]
C16(7)=[.....
.......]
C16(8)=[.....
C8(0)=[1-11-11- .......]
C16(9)=[.....
11-1]
C4(2)=[1.......]
C16(10)=[....
11-1]
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11- .......]
C16(11)=[......
11]
.....]
C16(12)=[...
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1- ........]
C16(13=[....
C4(3)=[1-1- 11]
.......]
C16(14)=[...
11]
C8(7)=[1-1-11........]
C16(15)=[...
111-1]
........]

SF=256 SF=512

Concepts of RSCP and Ec/No

Two Important Terms

RSCP
Ec/No, Ec/Io

Scrambling Codes & CPICH

CPICH

The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is broadcast from every cell

It carries no information and can be thought of as a beacon constantly

transmitting the Scrambling Code of the cell

WCDMA cells are identified by their SC.

Its like a BCCH in GSM

It is this beacon that is used by the phone for its cell measurements for
network acquisition and handover purposes

Total Received Power Io

Io
In a WCDMA network the User Equipment (UE) receives signals from many
cells
Io* = The sum total of all of these signals (dBm)
*Note: Sometimes Io is referred to as No, RSSI

Received Power of CPICH : RSCP

RSCP 1

RSCP 2

RSCP

Using the properties of SCs the UE is able to extract the respective CPICH levels
from the sites received
RSCP = The Received Power of a Particular CPICH (dBm)
Ec = Energy per Chip

CPICH Quality (Ec/Io)

Io

RSCP

From the previous two measures we can calculate a signal quality for each
CPICH (SC) received
Ec/Io = (Energy per chip / Noise spectral density) = RSCP/RSSI
*Note: Sometimes Ec/Io is referred to as Ec/No

Relation between Ec/Io and Eb/No

Handover Types

Intra-Frequency Handovers
Softer Handover
Soft Handover
Hard Handover

Inter-Frequency Handover
Can be intra-BS, intra-RNC, inter-RNC
Inter-RAT Handover
Handovers between GSM and WCDMA

Handover types

Node B
Node B

Frequency
f1

Node B

Sector 1
f1

Sector 1

Sector 3
f1

Frequency
f1

Soft Handover

Sector 2
f1

Node B

Sector 3

Softer Handover

BTS

RNC

RNC
UMTS

Node B

Node B

GSM900/1800

Inter-System
Handover

Iur
Iub

Iub

Node B
Frequency
f1

Frequency
f2

Hard/Inter-Frequency Handover

Node B
Frequency
f1

Frequency
f1

 HC supports the following measurement reporting events and

Soft Handover
features:
Event 1A: A primary CPICH enters the reporting range (Ncell
addition)
Event 1B: A primary CPICH leaves the reporting range (Ncell
deletion)
Event 1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than an active
primary CPICH (Ncell
replacement)
Cell individual offsets for modifying measurement reporting
behaviour
Mechanism for forbidding a neighboring cell to affect the
reporting range

Handover decision performed by RNC based on measurements and

available resources

What is HSDPA ?
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

is a packet swithed DL data service in WCDMA

with data rate up to 10Mbps over a 5MHz
Bandwidth
3GPP Rel5 specifications
Builds on distributed architecture that gives

Node-B more control when to transmit, to

which terminal to transmit and also to handle
the retransmission

HSDPA key characteristics

Included in
HSDPA
AMC

Enhanced in HSDPA

Excluded
from HSDPA

Multi-code
operation
SHO

H-ARQ
Basic WCDMA
Technology

PC

TTI = 2 ms
Variable SF
Advanced PS

Channel types and location in UTRAN

UE
Node B

Logical Channels
Transport Channels

Physical Channels

Iub Frames

RNC

Logical
Transport
Physical
Channel
Mapping
DL
(Network
Point
of
View)
Channels
Channels
Channels
P-CPICH
BCCH

BCH

P-CCPCH

PCCH

PCH

S-CCPCH
Fixed
PICH
Power
AICH
P/S-SCH
E-HICH
E-AGCH/E-RGCH

CCCH

FACH

CTCH
DCCH

HSDSCH

DTCH

DCH

* Dynamic HS-PDSCH power allocation

HS-PDSCH*
HS-SCCH
Power
DPDCH
Control
DPCCH

Logical
Transport
Physical
Channel
Mapping
UL
(Network
Point
of
View)
Channels
Channels
Channels

CCCH

RACH

PRACH

Open
Loop
Power
Control

DCCH
E-DPDCH
E-DPCCH
E-DCH
DTCH

DCH

Power
HS-DPCCH Control
DPDCH
DPCCH

Transport
Example Channels
Logical
Channel configuration
during call
Channels

Data

RRC
signalling

DCCH1-4

Physical
Channels

DCH1
DPDCH

Speech
data

NRT
data

DTCH1

DTCH2

DCH2-4

DCH5

AMR speech connection utilises multiple transport channels

RRC connection utilises multiple logical channels, signalling radio
bearers

DPCCH

AMR speech
+
NRT data

Thanks!