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    ENDOCRINOLOGY

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    Yuni Indriani
    This document provides an overview of the endocrine system. It discusses the major endocrine glands including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ovaries/testes. For each gland, it describes the location, blood supply, innervation, hormones secreted, and actions of the hormones in regulating processes like metabolism, growth, and fluid balance. Feedback mechanisms that control hormone secretion are also covered. Diagrams supplement the textual information.

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    ENDOCRINOLOGY

    Uploaded by

    Yuni Indriani
    268 views63 pages
    This document provides an overview of the endocrine system. It discusses the major endocrine glands including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ovaries/testes. For each gland, it describes the location, blood supply, innervation, hormones secreted, and actions of the hormones in regulating processes like metabolism, growth, and fluid balance. Feedback mechanisms that control hormone secretion are also covered. Diagrams supplement the textual information.

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    This document provides an overview of the endocrine system. It discusses the major endocrine glands including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ovaries/testes. For each gland, it describes the location, blood supply, innervation, hormones secreted, and actions of the hormones in regulating processes like metabolism, growth, and fluid balance. Feedback mechanisms that control hormone secretion are also covered. Diagrams supplement the textual information.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    268 views63 pages

    ENDOCRINOLOGY

    Uploaded by

    Yuni Indriani
    This document provides an overview of the endocrine system. It discusses the major endocrine glands including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ovaries/testes. For each gland, it describes the location, blood supply, innervation, hormones secreted, and actions of the hormones in regulating processes like metabolism, growth, and fluid balance. Feedback mechanisms that control hormone secretion are also covered. Diagrams supplement the textual information.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 63

    ENDOCRINOLOGY

    Acmad aminuddin

    ENDOCRINE GLANDS
    EXOCRINE GLANDS
    ENDOCRINE GLANDS
    HORMONE-SECRETING CELLS

    Fig 18.1

    HORMONE ACTIVITY
    The role of hormone receptors
    - Only teh target cels for a given
    hormone have receptors that bind
    and recognize that hormone.
    - Receptors
    - A target cell has 2000 to
    100.000 receptors.
    - Down-regulation
    - Up-regulation

    CIRCULATING HORMONES
    Fig 18.2

    HORMONE TRANSPORT IN THE


    BLOOD
    Most water soluble hormone
    molecule circulate in the watery
    blood plasma in a free form, but
    most lipid soluble hormone
    molecules are bound to transport
    protein.
    The transport proteins, which are
    synthesized by cells in the liver, have
    three function

    TRANSPORT PROTEIN
    They make lipid-soluble hormone
    temporarily water-soluble, thus increasing
    their solubility in blood.
    They retard passage of small hormone
    molecules through the filtering mechanism
    in the kidney, thus slowing the the rate of
    hormone loss in the urine.
    They provide a ready reserve of hormone ,
    already present in the blood stream.

    Table 18.2

    fig 18.3

    fig 18.4

    HORMONE INTERACTIONS
    Hormone interactions
    The responsiveness of a target cell
    depends on
    1. The hormone concentration
    2. The abundance of the target cells
    hormone receptors.
    3. Influences exerted by other
    hormones

    CONTROL OF HORMONE
    SECRETION
    SIGNAL FROM THE NERVOUS
    SYSTEM
    CHEMICAL CHANGEES IN THE
    BLOOD.
    OTHER HORMONES
    MOST HORMONAL REGULATORY
    SYSTEM VIA NEGATIVE FEED BACK

    HYPOTHALAMUS

    HYPOTHALAMUS
    The major link between the nervous
    system and endocine system.
    Receives input from the limbic system,
    cerebral cortex, thalamus and reticular
    activating system.
    Receives sensory impuls from internal
    organs and from the retina.
    Controls the autonomic nervous system
    and regulates body temperature, thirst,
    hunger, sexual behavior and defensive
    reactions

    HYPOTHALAMUS
    Hypothalamus hormones are release into capillary
    networks in the median eminence. The blood
    strean carries these hormones directly to the
    anterior lobe of pituitay, where they stimulate or
    inhibit secretio of anterior pituitary hormones.
    Axon extend from the paraventricular and
    supraoptic nuclei through the infundibulum into
    the posterior lobe of the pitutary. The cll bodies of
    these axons make one of twohormones ( oxytocin
    or antidiuretic hormone ). Their axons transport
    the hormones to the posterior pituitary, where
    they are released.

    HYPOTHALAMUS
    Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone.
    Corticotropi-Releasing Hormone.
    Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone.
    Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone
    Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone
    Prolactin-Releasing Hormone.
    Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone

    fig, page 627

    table 18.3 , pg 627

    fig 18.6

    fig 18.7

    THE ACTIONS OF ANTERIOR


    PITUITARY HORMONES
    Human growth hormone or somatotropin
    Stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage,
    bone and other tissue to synthesize
    and secrete insulinlike growth factors ;
    IGFs promote growth of body cells, protein
    synthesis, tissue repair, lipolysis and
    elevation of blood glucose concentration
    Thyroid-stimulating hormone or
    thyrotropin
    Stimulates synthesis and secretion of
    thyroid hormones by tgyroid gland.

    THE ACTION OF ANTERIOR


    PITUITARY HORMONES
    Follicle-stimulating hormone
    In female initiates development of oocytes
    and induces ovarian secretion of estrogen.
    In males stimulates testes to produce
    sperm.
    Luteinizing hormone
    In females, stimulates secretion of
    estrogen and progesterons, ovulation, and
    formation of corpus luteum.
    In males stimulates testes to produce
    testosterone

    THE ACTION OF ANTERIOR


    PITUITARY HORMONES
    Prolactin
    Together with another hormone, promotes
    milk secretion by the mammary glands.
    Adrenocorticotropic hormone or
    corticotropin
    Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoid
    ( mainly cortisol ) by adrenal cortex
    Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
    Exact role in humans is unknown but may
    influence brain activity, when present in
    excess, can cause darkening of skin.

    POSTERIOR PITUITARY
    Consists of pituicytes and axon terminals
    of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells.
    The cell bodies of the neurosecretoy cells
    are in the paraventricular and supraoptic
    nuclei of the hypothalamus; their axon
    form the hypothalamohypophyseal tract.
    This tract begins in the hypothalamus and
    ends near blood capillaries in the posterior
    pitutary

    POSTERIOR PITUITARY
    The paraventricular nucleus synthe size the
    hormone oxytocin ; and the supraoptic nucleus
    produces antidiuretic hormone ( vasopressin ).
    Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are packaged
    into secretory vesicles, which move by fast axonal
    transport to the axon terminals in the posterior
    pituitary, where they are stored until nerve
    impulses trigger exocytosis and release of the
    hormone
    The capillary plexusof the infunibular process
    receives secreted oxytocin and ADH hormone.
    From this plexus hormones pass into the
    posterior hypophyseal veins for distribution
    totarget cells

    THYROID GLAND

    THYROID GLAND
    LIES DEEP TO THE STERNOTHYROID
    AND STERNOHYOID MUSCLES, ANTE
    RIORLY IN THE NECK AT THE LEVEL
    OF C5 T1 VERTEBRAE.
    CONSIST OF RIGHT AND LEFT LOBE,
    ANTEROLATERAL TO THE LARYNX
    AND TRACHEA, ISTHMUS UNITES
    THE LOBES OVER THE TRACHEA.

    ARTERIES OF THE THYROID


    GLAND

    VEINS OF THE THYROID


    GLAND
    THYROID PLEXUS OF VEINS
    - SUPERIOR THYROID Vs --- IJVs.
    - MIDDLE THYROID Vs
    --- IJVs.
    - INFERIOR THYROID Vs --- BRACHI
    CPH Vs.

    LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF
    THE THYROID GLAND
    PRELARYNGEAL L.N SUPERIOR DEP
    CERVICAL LN.
    PRETRACHEAL LN - INFERIOR DEEP
    CERVICAL L.N.
    PARATRACHEAL LN INFERIOR DEEP
    CERVICAL L.N.

    NERVES OF THE THYROID


    GLAND
    FROM THE SUPERIOR, MIDDLE AND
    INFERIOR CERVICAL SYMPATHETIC
    GANGLIA
    - VASOMOTOR,
    - NOT SECRETOMOTOR.

    HORMON KELENJAR THYROID


    TIROKSIN
    TRIIODOTIRONIN
    kedua hormon diatas meningkatkan
    kecepatan reaksi kimia dalam ham
    pir semua sel tubuh.
    KALSITONIN
    memacu pengendapan Ca didalam
    tulang sehingga menurunkan konsentrasi
    Ca dalam cairan ekstraselular.

    FORMATION OF THYROID
    HORMON
    FOLLICULAR CELLS PRODUCE
    - THYROXINE = tetraiodothyronin =
    T4.
    - TRIIODOTHYRONIN = T3.
    PARA FOLLICULAR CELLS = C CELL
    PRODUCE CALCITONIN

    ACTION OF THYROID HORMON


    INCREASE BASAL METABOLIC RATE
    STIMULATE SYNTHESIS OF Na/K ATP ase.
    INCREASE BODY TEMPERATURE.
    STIMULATE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
    INCREASE THE USE OF GLUCOSE AND
    FATTY ACIDS FOR ATP PRODUCTION.
    STIMULATE LIPOLYSIS.
    ENHANCE SOME ACTION OF THE
    CATECHOLAMINE (epinephrine and
    norepinephrine ).
    REGULATE DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH
    OF NERVOUS TISSUE AND BONE.

    PARATHYROID GLANDS
    LIE EXTERNAL TO THE THYROID CAPSULE
    ON THE MEDIAL HALF OF THE POSTERIOR
    SURFACE OF EACH LOBE OF THE THYROID
    GLAND.
    MOST PEOPLE HAVE 4 PARATHYROID
    GLANDS,
    - 2 SUPERIOR PARATHYROID
    GLANDS.
    - 2 INFERIOR PARATHYROID
    GLANDS.

    VESSELS OF THE PARATHYROID


    GLANDS
    INFERIOR THYROID A.
    may also from, superior thyroid a.,
    thyroid ima a.
    PARATHYROID Vs drain into the thyroid
    plexus of veins.
    LYMPHATIC VESSELS drain into
    - deep cervical l.n.
    - paratracheal l.n.

    NERVE OF THE
    PARATHYROID GLANDS
    THYROID BRANCHES OF THE CERVI
    CAL SYMPATETHIC GANGLIA
    HORMONALLY REGULATED.

    HORMON KELENJAR
    PARATHYROID
    PARATHORMON
    MENGATUR KONSENTRASI ION Ca
    DALAM CAIRAN EKTRASELULAR
    DENGAN CARA MENGATUR ;
    - ABSORPSI Ca DARI USUS.
    - EKSKRESI Ca OLEH GINJAL.
    - PELEPASAN Ca DARI TULANG.

    SUPRARENAL GLANDS
    LOCATED BETWEEN THE SUPERO MEDIAL
    ASPECT OF THE KIDNEYS AND THE
    DIAPHRAGM,ATTACHED TO THE CRURA OF THE
    DIAPHRAGM GY RENAL FASCIA.
    THE SHAPE PYRAMYDAL RIGHT GLAND.
    - CRESCENT LEFT GLAND.
    HAS TWO PART
    - THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX
    - FROM MESODERM.
    - THE SUPRARENAL MEDULLA
    - FROM NEURAL CREST CELLS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYST

    THE SUPRARENAL ARTERIES


    AND VEINS
    SUPERIOR SUPRARENAL A from
    - inferior phrenic a.
    MIDDLE SUPRARENAL A. from
    - abdominal aorta.
    INFERIOR SUPRARENAL A. from
    - renal a.
    RIGHT SUPRARENAL V. drain to
    - I.V.C.
    LEFT SUPRARENAL V. drain to
    - left renal v.

    LYMPHATICS AND NERVES OF


    THE SUPRARENAL GLANDS
    LYMPHATICS DRAIN TO THE LUMBAR
    LYMPH NODES.
    NERVE SUPPLY FROM THE CELIAC PLEXUS
    AND ABDOMINOPELVIC SPLANCHNIC
    NERVES.
    PRESYNAPTIC SYMPATETHETIC FIBERS,
    MAINLY DERIVED FROM THE
    INTERMEDIOLATERAL CELL COLUMN OF
    GRAY MATTER OF THE SPINAL CORD
    (T10-L1) TRAVERSE BOTH THE PARAVER
    TEBRAL AND THE PREVERTEBRAL GANGL
    WITHOUT SYNAPSE, THEN TO THE
    CHROMAFIN CELLS IN THE SUPRARENAL
    MEDULLA.

    THE HORMONES OF THE


    SUPRARENAL GLANDS
    THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX, secretes
    corticosteroids and androgens, these hormon
    cause the kidneys to retain sodium and water in
    response to stress, increasing the blood volume
    and blood pressure. They also affect muscles and
    organ such as heart and lungs.
    THE SUPRARENAL MEDULLA, secretes
    cathecholamines ( mostly epinephrine ) in
    response to the signals from presynaptic neuron.
    Epinephrine and norepinephrine activate the body
    to a flight-or fight status inresponse to traumatic
    stress. They also
    - increase heart rate and blood pressure.
    - dilatate the bronchiolus.
    - change blood flow patterns,preparing
    for physical exertion

    PANCREATIC ISLET
    FIG 18.18
    b and c
    T.D

    CELL TYPES IN THEPANCREATIC


    ISLETS
    Alpha or A cells, constitute about 17 % of
    pancreatic islet cells and secrete glucagon.
    Beta or B cells constitute about 70 % of
    pancreatic islet cels, and secrete insulin.
    Delta or D cells constitute about 7 % of
    pancreatic islet cells and secrete
    somatostatin.
    F cells constitute the remainder of
    pancreatic islet cells and secrete
    pancreatic polypeptide

    fig 18.19 T.D

    GLUCAGON from alpha cells


    Control of secretion
    Decreased blood level of glucose, exercise
    and mainly protein meals stimulate
    secretion.
    Somatostatin and insulin inhibit scrt
    Principle actions
    Raises blood glucose level by accele rating
    breakdown of glycogen into glucose in
    liver, converting other nutrients into
    glucose in liver, and releasing glucos into
    the blood.

    INSULIN from beta cells


    Control of secretion
    Increased blood level of glucose,
    acetylcholine, arginine and leucine,
    glucagon,GIP, Hgh and ACTH stimulate
    secretion ; somatostatin inhibit secretion.
    Principal actions
    Lowers blood glucose level by accelerating
    transport of glucose into cells, converting
    glucose into glycogen, and decreasing
    glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis ; also
    increases lipogenesis and stimulates
    protein synthesis.

    SOMATOSTATIN from delta cells


    Control of secretion
    - pancreatic polypeptide inhibits
    secretion.
    Principal action
    - inhibits secretion of insulin and
    glucagon and slow absoption of
    nutrients from g.i. tract

    PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE
    from F cells
    Control of secretion
    Meals containing protein, fasting, exercise,
    and acute hypoglycemia stimulate
    secretion ; somatostatin and elevated
    blood glucose level inhibit secretion
    Principal actions
    Inhibits somatostatin secretion, gall
    bladder contraction, and secretion of
    pancreatic digestive enzymes.

    DIABETES MELLITUS
    D.M is caused by an inability to produce or use insulin.
    Hakmarks of diabetes mellitus are : polyuria ; polydipsia ;
    and poltphagia
    Type I DM , insulin level is low because the person`s
    immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells. Most
    commonly IDDM develops in people younger than age 20,
    though it persists throughout life. By the time symptoms of
    IIDM arise, 80 90 % of the islet beta cells have been
    destroyed. Because insulin is not present to aid the entry of
    glucose into body cells, most cells use fatty acids to
    produce ATP. Stores of triglyceride in the adipose tissue are
    catabolized to yield fatty acid and glycerol. The byproducts
    of fatty acid breakdown keton bodies --- ketoacidosis

    DIABETES MELLITUS
    Type 2 DM is a heterogeneous group of
    disorder chracterized by variable degrees
    of insulin resistance, impaired insulin
    secretion, and increased glucose
    production.
    90 % of all cases.
    Most occur in obese, over age 35, the
    number of obese children and teen agers
    with type 2 diabetes is increasing.

    OVARIUM

    OVARIAN HORMONES
    ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERON
    together with gonadotropic hormone
    of the anterior pituitary, regulate the
    female reproductive cycle, regulate
    oogenesis, maintain pregnancy prepare the mammary glands for lactation, and promote the development and
    maintenance of female secondary sex
    characteristics
    RELAXIN
    INHIBIN

    TESRIS

    TESTICULAR HORMONES
    TESTOSTERON
    stimulates descent of testis before
    birth, regulates spermatogenesis,
    and promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex cha
    racteristics.
    INHIBIN
    inhibits secretion of f.s.h. from anterior pituitary.

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