Electricity and Magnetism
Electromagnets and Induction
Electric
Current and Magnetism
Electric
Motors
Electric
Generators and
Transformers
Investigation: Electromagnetic Forces
Key Question:
How does an electric motor
work?
Objectives:
Build a simple electric motor.
Describe the components required for an electric motor to work.
Test the effects of changing different variables on the function of
an electric motor.
Electric Current and Magnetism
In
1819, Hans Christian
Oersted, a Danish
physicist and chemist, and
a professor, placed a
compass needle near a
wire through which he
could make electric current
flow.
When the switch was
closed, the compass
needle moved just as if the
wire were a magnet.
Electric current and magnetism
Electric
current is made of moving charges
(electrons), which creates the magnetic field
around a current-carrying wire
Magnetism
is created by these moving charges.
The magnetic fields of straight
wire
The magnetic field lines are concentric circles
with the wire at the center of the circles.
The
direction of the field depends on the
direction of the current in the wire.
The magnetic fields of straight
wire
The strength of the magnetic field near the
wire depends on two factors:
1.
The strength is directly proportional to the current,
so doubling the current doubles the strength of the
field.
2.
The field strength is inversely proportional to the
distance from the wire. (Decreasing the distance
to the wire by half doubles the strength of the
field.)
The magnetic fields of straight
wire
Near a straight wire, the
north pole of a compass
needle feels a force in the
direction of the field lines.
The south pole feels a
force in the opposite
direction.
As a result, the needle
twists to align its northsouth axis along the
circular field lines.
The magnetic fields of loops and
coils
The magnetic field around a single wire is
too small to be of much use.
There are two techniques to make strong
magnetic fields from current flowing in wires:
1.
Parallel wires can be bundled together. (10 wires,
each with 1 A of current, create a magnetic field
10X as strong as 1 wire carrying 1 A).
2.
A wire can be looped into a coil so the magnetic
field is concentrated at the center.
The magnetic fields of loops and
coils
The most common form
of electromagnetic
device is a coil with many
turns called a solenoid.
A
coil takes advantage of
these two techniques
(bundling wires and
making bundled wires
into coils) for increasing
field strength.
Magnetic forces and electric
Two wires carrying electric current exert force on
currents
each other, just like two magnets.
The forces can be attractive or repulsive depending
on the direction of current in both wires.
Electricity and Magnetism
Electromagnets and Induction
Electric
Current and Magnetism
Electric
Motors
Electric
Generators and
Transformers
Investigation: Electromagnetic
Induction
Key Question:
How does an electric generator work?
Objectives:
Explain how an electric generator works.
Describe the relationship between the voltage output of
a generator and the speed of the rotor.
Modify the design of a generator to test the effects of
different factors, such as the number of magnets and
the orientation of the magnets.
Electric motors
Electric motors convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
The disk in the motor is called the rotor because it
can rotate.
The disk will keep spinning as long as the external
magnet is reversed every time the next magnet in
the disk passes by.
One or more stationary magnets reverse their
poles to push and pull on a rotating assembly of
magnets.
Using magnets to spin a disk
Reversing
the magnet in your fingers attracts and
repels the magnets in the rotor, making it spin.
Commutation
The
process of reversing the current in the
electromagnet is called commutation and the
switch that makes it happen is called a
commutator.
Electric Motors
All types of electric motors have
three key parts:
1. A rotating element (rotor) with
magnets.
2. A stationary magnet that
surrounds the rotor.
3. A commutator that switches the
electromagnets from north to
south at the right place to keep the
rotor spinning.
AC and DC motors
Motors
that run on alternating current (AC) electricity
are easier to make because the current switches
direction all by itselfa commutator isnt needed.
Electric motors
The
rotating part of
the motor, including
the electromagnets, is
called the armature.
It
has 3
electromagnets that
correspond to the 3
coils.
Electric motors
The
permanent
magnets are on the
outside, and they stay
fixed in place.
The
wires from each of
the three coils are
attached to three metal
plates (commutator)
at the end of the
armature.
commutator
Electric Motors
As the rotor spins, the three plates come into
contact with the positive and negative brushes.
Electric current flows through the brushes into the
coils.
Electricity and Magnetism
Electromagnets and Induction
Electric
Current and Magnetism
Electric
Motors
Electric
Generators and
Transformers
16.3 Investigation: Generators and
Key Question:
Transformers
How
do electricity and magnetism
work together in generators and
transformers?
Objectives:
Apply an understanding of electricity and magnetism to
describe how generators and transformers function.
Electromagnetic Induction
If
you move a magnet near a coil of wire, a
current will be produced.
This
process is called electromagnetic
induction, because a moving magnet
induces electric current to flow.
Moving
electric charge creates magnetism
and conversely, changing magnetic fields also
can cause electric charge to move.
Induction
Current
is only produced if
the magnet is moving
because a changing
magnetic field is what
creates current.
If
the magnetic field does
not change, such as when
the magnet is stationary,
the current is zero.
Induction
If
the magnetic field is increasing, the induced
current is in one direction.
If
the field is decreasing, the induced current is
in the opposite direction.
Faradays law of induction
A
moving magnet
induces current in
a coil only if the
magnetic field of
the magnet
passes through
the coil.
Faradays law of induction
Michael
Faraday (17911867),
an English physicist and
chemist, was first to explain how
moving magnets and coils
induced voltage.
Faradays
found that the
induced voltage is proportional
to the rate of change of the
magnetic field through the coil.
Faradays law of induction
Faradays
law
says the current in
a coil is
proportional to the
rate at which the
magnetic field
changes.
Faraday's Law
Generators
A
generator is a device that uses induction
to convert mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
Electrical generators
The
electrical energy created
by a generator is not created
from nothing.
Energy
must continually be
supplied to keep the rotating
coil or magnetic disk turning.
In
hydroelectric generators,
falling water turns a turbine
which spins a generator to
produce electricity.
Producing and transporting
energy
Hoover Dam is called a
hydroelectric plant
because it converts the
energy of falling water
into electricity.
Using
the potential
energy of water is one
way to produce
electricity.
Energy flow
With
each transformation (green arrows), some energy
is lost to the system in the form of heat (red arrows).
Electricity from different
resources
A nonrenewable resource is not replaced
as it is used.
Any
fossil fuel is an good example of
nonrenewable resource.
Besides
their growing scarcity, burning fossil
fuels produces sulfur oxide emissions that
reduce air quality and may be accelerating
climate change.
Electricity from different
resources
A renewable resource
can be replaced naturally
in a relatively short
period of time.
Falling
water, energy
from the Sun, wind
energy, and geothermal
energy are examples of
renewable resources.
Geothermal, biomass and
hydroelectric
energy
Geothermal
power plants use Earths internal heat
in the form of water or steam, to produce electricity.
Biomass,
such as organic material from plants or
animals or municipal waste, can be burned to
produce steam for a turbine.
Impoundment
and pumped storage hydroelectric
power plants use falling water differently to
generate electricity.
Electrical Power
Recall
that electrical power
(in watts) is the rate at which
electrical energy is changed
into other forms of energy
such as heat, sound, or light.
Anything
that uses electricity is actually converting
electrical energy into some other type of energy.
Utility
companies charge customers for the number
of kilowatt-hours (kWh) used each month.
Transformers
Transformers
are
extremely useful
because they efficiently
change voltage and
current, while providing
the same total power.
The
transformer uses
electromagnetic
induction, similar to a
generator.
Transformers
Consider the transformer between the outside
power lines and your house:
1. The primary coil is connected to outside
power lines. Current in the primary coil
creates a magnetic field through the
secondary coil. The primary coils field is
shown by the magnetic field lines (green
arrows)
2. The current in the primary coil changes
constantly because it is alternating current.
Transformers
3.
As the current changes, so does the strength and direction
of the magnetic field through the secondary coil.
4.
The changing magnetic field through the secondary coil
induces current in the secondary coil. The secondary coil
connects to your homes wiring.
The
relationship between
voltages and turns for a
transformer is the result
of two coils having a
different number of turns.
Transformers
In
the same changing
magnetic field, a coil
with 100 turns
produces 10 times the
voltage of the
induced current as a
coil with 10 turns.
Changing voltage in a transformer
A cell-phone AC adapter reduces the 120 V AC to the
6 V DC needed by the phones battery. If the primary
coil has 240 turns, how many turns must the
secondary coil have?
1.
Looking for: no. of turns of the secondary coil.
2.
Given: voltage of each coil (120VAC and 6 VDC) and
the no. of turns of the primary coil (240)
3.
Relationships: V1 =
V2
N2
V1
4.
Solution: 6 V x 240 = 12 turns
120 V
N1 Solve for N2 = V2 x N1
