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Chapter4 Part 2 Edited 3

This document discusses linear transformations and matrices. It defines linear transformations and their properties such as the range and kernel of a transformation being subspaces. It introduces the concept of the rank and nullity of a linear transformation. It proves properties of linear transformations using bases and extends these concepts to matrix representations of linear transformations with respect to bases of the domain and codomain spaces. Examples are provided to illustrate finding bases, determining if a transformation is one-to-one or onto, and representing transformations with matrices.

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31 views17 pages

Chapter4 Part 2 Edited 3

This document discusses linear transformations and matrices. It defines linear transformations and their properties such as the range and kernel of a transformation being subspaces. It introduces the concept of the rank and nullity of a linear transformation. It proves properties of linear transformations using bases and extends these concepts to matrix representations of linear transformations with respect to bases of the domain and codomain spaces. Examples are provided to illustrate finding bases, determining if a transformation is one-to-one or onto, and representing transformations with matrices.

Uploaded by

uchiha_rhenzaki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 4

LINEAR TRANSFORMATION AND


MATRICES

Theorem 4.6

If L: VW is a linear transformation, then


range L is a subspace of W.
Proof: Note that range L is not empty space L(Ov) = Ow.
Let Y1 and Y2 be in the range L. Then
Y1 = L(x1) and Y2 = L(x2) for some x1 and x2 in V.
Now Y1 + Y2 = L(x1) + L(x2) = L(x1 + x2)
Y1 + Y2 is in the range L.
also if c is scalar then cY1 = cL(x1)= L(cX1),
so cY is in range L.

Definition 4.5

If L:VW is a linear transformation, then the


dimension of range of L is called the rank of L and the
dimension of the kernel is called the nullity of L.
Example: Let L: R3 R3 defined by
L

x1

x2
x3

1
1

0
1
1

1
2
3

x1
x
2
x3

. Is L onto? Find a basis for range


L.

Theorem 4.7

If L: V W is a linear transformation then


dim(Ker L) + dim(range L) = dim V
Proof: Let n= dim V and k = dim (Ker L).
If k = nker L = V
L(X) = 0, X V
range L = {0}
dim range L = 0

Suppose 1 k < n. Show: dim(range L) = n-k.


Let { X1, X2. , Xk} be a basis for Ker L,
we can extend this to be a basis for V
Say S ={ X1, X2. , Xk Xk+1, , Xn}
Prove: T = {L(Xk+1), L(Xk+2) , ,L(Xn)} is a basis
for range L

i) Show: T spans range L


Let Y be any vector in range L. Then Y = L(X) for some X in
V. Since S is a basis for V then
X = c1X1 + c2X2 + + cnXn, where c1, c2 and cn are real
numbers
Then
Y = L(X)
= L(c1X1 + c2X2 + + cnXn)
= c1L(X1) + c2L(X2) + + ckL(Xk) + ck+1L(Xk+1)+ +
cnL(Xn)
= ck+1L(Xk+1)+ + cnL(Xn) since X1, X2,..., Xk are in Ker L.
T spans range L

ii) Show that T is linearly independent


Suppose that ck+1L(Xk+1)+ ck+2L(Xk+2)+ +cnL(Xn)= 0w
L(ck+1(Xk+1)+ ck+2(Xk+2)+ +cn(Xn))=0
Hence the vector ck+1Xk+1 + + cnXn is in Ker L, and we can
write it as a linear combination of the vectors in the basis for
Ker L
ck+1Xk+1 + + cnXn = d1X1 + d2X2 + + dkXk
where d1,d2, dk are real numbers
d1X1 + d2X2 ++dk Xk - ck+1Xk+1 - ck+2Xk+2 -cn Xn =0
Since S is linearly independent since is a basis for V, then
d1 = d2 = = dk = ck+1 = = cn = 0.

Corollary: Let L:VW is a linear transformation

and let dim V = dim W.


a)
If L is one to one, then it is onto.
b)
If L in onto, then it is one one.

Example: 1. Let: R2 R2 be a linear


x x 2y
transformation defined by L
.
y 2x y

a) Find a basis kernel L.


b) Is L one to one?
c) Is L onto?
d) Find a basis for range L?

2. Let L: R4 R3 be a linear transformation defined by


L(x,y,z,w)= (x+y, y-z, z-w).
a)Is L onto?
b) Find the dimension of kernel of A.
c) Verify thm 4.7

3. Let L: P2P2 be a linear transformation defined by L(at2+


bt + c) = (a+c)t2=(b+c)t.
a) Is t2-t-1 in ker L?
b) Is t2 + t-1in ker L?
c) Is 2t2 t in range L?
d) Find a basis for ker L?
e) Find a basis for rangeL

Matrix
of4.6
Linear Transformation
Definition
Let V be an n-dimensional vector space with
basis S={X1, X2, ,Xn} . If X = a1X1+a2X2+
+anXn is any vector in V, then the vector
[X]s =

a1

a2
.

.
an

in Rn is called the coordinate vector of X with


respect to the basis S. The component of [X]s are
called the coordinates
of X with respect to S.

1 0 1

Example: Let S= 1 , 2 , 0, be
a basis for
2 1 0

R3. Find the coordinate vectors of the following vectors
with respect to S of

1

X=
4
2

Theorem 4.8

Let L: VW be a linear transformation of an ndimensional vector space V into an m-dimensional


vector space W n 0andm 0and let S = {X 1, X2, ,
Xn} and T={ Y1, Y2, , Yn } be bases for V and W,
receptively. Then the m x n matrix A, whose jth column
is the coordinate
vector [L(Xj)]T of L(Xj) with respect to

T is associated with L and has the following property:


If Y = L(X) for some X in V, then
[Y]T = A[X]S,
where [X]s and [Y]T are the coordinate vectors of X and
Y with respect to the respective bases S and T.
Moreover A is the only matrix with this property.

Example: Let L: R2 R3
x1 2x 2
x1

1
x 2

a. Find the matrix A with respect to bases S and T


where

1 2 3
1 2

S , T 1 , 2 , 0
3 4
1 0 0

b. Use the matrix obtained in a) to compute for

8
L
3

Definition 4.7:

The matrix A of Theorem 4.8 is called the matrix of L


with the respect to the bases S and T. Equation (2) is called
the representation of L with respect to S and T. We also say
that equation (2) represents L with respect to S and T.

Assignment: L: R2 R3 be defined by
x 2y
x
. L 2x y

y
x y

Let S and T be the natural basis for R2 and R3,


respectively. Also, let

1
S ' and
1

1 0 1
0

be
bases
for
T ' 1 , 1 , 1

0 1 1
1

R2 and R3, respectively.

Find the matrix representing L with respect to


a)
S and T
b)
S and T

1
c) Compute L using the definition of
2
L and using the matrices obtained in a) and b).

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