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Standards For CAD Data Exchange: S.Balamurugan

This document discusses standards for CAD data exchange. It begins by explaining the need for standards due to different CAD systems using proprietary formats. It then covers the evolution of early standards like IGES and more robust standards like STEP. IGES helped with basic 2D data exchange but had issues with reliability and complex geometry. STEP uses a formal data model called EXPRESS and has an object-oriented architecture, addressing limitations of prior standards. The document also discusses other related standards and formats for technical drawings, images, documentation, and 3D data exchange.

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158 views28 pages

Standards For CAD Data Exchange: S.Balamurugan

This document discusses standards for CAD data exchange. It begins by explaining the need for standards due to different CAD systems using proprietary formats. It then covers the evolution of early standards like IGES and more robust standards like STEP. IGES helped with basic 2D data exchange but had issues with reliability and complex geometry. STEP uses a formal data model called EXPRESS and has an object-oriented architecture, addressing limitations of prior standards. The document also discusses other related standards and formats for technical drawings, images, documentation, and 3D data exchange.

Uploaded by

Pradeepvenugopal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Standards for CAD Data

Exchange
S.BALAMURUGAN
ASST.PROF (Sr.G)
DEPARTEMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SRM UNIVERSITY

CONTENTS
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION
FUNCTIONAL FEATURES
DESIGN FEATURES
MANUFACTURING FEATURE

Standards for CAD Data


Exchange

Product Data Management


Product Design
Product
Design
(CAD)

Engineering
and Analysis
(CAE)

CAD data is used throughout


the organization
Marketing
Customer
Requirements

Neutral I/F
Product
Information
Management

Product
Databases

Neutral I/F
Supply Management

Manufacturing
Engineering
Process
Planning

Manufacturing
Databases

Materials
Planning

Fabrication, Assembly & Test Operations

Procurement

Suppliers
Customer
Installation
and
Distribution

Typical Situation
Major supplier
uses I-DEAS

Partner uses
Unigraphics
Major company
uses CATIA

Small supplier
uses AutoCAD

Small supplier
uses Solid Edge

The Problem
Every CAD system uses its own proprietary

data format
Design data must be converted from one
format to the other

Direct Translation between CAD


Systems
I-DEAS

Unigraphics

CATIA

Pro/Engineer

Need a translator from


every CAD package to
every other
For 4 CAD packages, need
6 translators
For 6 CAD packages, need
16 translators!

Data Exchange Standards


To address the problem, many standards for

CAD data exchange have been developed


CAD systems can import and export to
many of these standard formats

Evolution of Data Standards


Interfaces
CAD/CAD CAD/CAM
IGES
PDDI

PDES

Standardization Organization
National & European

ANSI (USA)

SET

AFNOR (France)

VDA/FS

DIN (Germany)

CAD*I

ESPRIT (EEC)

CIM-OSA

ESPRIT (EEC)

EDIF

USA Electronics Industry

International ISO

Product Data Structure

STEP
( A full data model)

Current Situation
Translation using IGES is unreliable
geometry is corrupted
much cleanup required after translation
Translation using STEP is not widespread
STEP translators only recently available
Existing translators lose information
parametrics and constraints
features and history trees

Short-term Solutions
To avoid data translation problems, many companies

have standardized on a single CAD system


Ford
all suppliers must use I-DEAS

Chrysler
all suppliers must use CATIA
General Motors
all suppliers must use Unigraphics

A Better Solution
A better solution is development of reliable

data exchange standards, using a neutral


interface

Neutral Interface

CAD 1

CAD 2

CAE 1

CAE 2

Neutral Interface

CAPP

PP&C

CAM

CAQ

Requirements of an Interface
The interface must be capable of handling all

manufacturing data
There should be no information loss (maintain the
semantics during conversion)
The system must be efficient to be capable of
handling the realtime requirements of
manufacturing
The system should be open-ended to permit
extensions or contractions

Requirements Continued
The system should be adaptable to other standards
The system must be independent of the computer and

architecture used
It must be possible to form application-oriented
subsets of the standard to reduce costs
The interface must be upward and downward
compatible in a hierarchical control structure.
Test procedures must be provided to verify effectivety.

Initial Graphics Exchange Specification


(IGES)
Formatted ASCII file format
Supports many 2D and 3D CAD entities
Has gone through several versions since

1980
Widely supported

Problems with IGES


Many incompatible flavours
Unreliable translation, particularly for

complex geometry
No formal information modelling basis
Insufficient support for conformance testing

STEP
(Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data)
Uses a formal model for data exchange
Information is modelled using the EXPRESS language
EXPRESS has elements of Pascal, C, and other

languages
It contains constructs for defining data types and
structures, but not for processing data
EXPRESS describes geometry and other information
in a standard, unambiguous way

Layer 3: Application protocols


Layer 2: Resource information models
Layer 1: Implementation methods
(EXPRESS)

Physical files

Conformance testing
& test suites

STEP Architecture

Classes of STEP Parts


Introductory
Description methods
Implementation methods
Conformance testing methodology and framework
Integrated resources
Application protocols
Abstract test suites
Application interpreted constructs

Status of STEP
STEP has been under development for

many years, and will continue for many


more
Over a dozen STEP parts have been
approved as international standards
Many others are under development

Other Standards
Standards for technical documents
Standards for images
Internet and Web standards

Continuous Acquisition and Lifecycle Support (CALS)


Developed by US Department of Defense
Prescribes formats for storage and exchange

of technical data
Technical publications an important focus

Important CALS Standards


Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)

document description language


separates content from structure (formatting)
uses tags to define headings, sections, chapters, etc.
HTML is based on SGML
Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM)
vector file format for illustrations and drawings
IGES
also used for illustrations

Common Formats for Bitmap


Images
Standards
Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG)
Proprietary
Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)
Windows bitmap format (BMP)
Zsoft file format (PCX)
Tagged Image File Format (TIFF/TIF)
Targa file format (TGA)

Web and Internet Standards


Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
used to describe web pages
based on SGML
Virtual Reality Modelling Language (VRML)
standard for description of 3D interactive
environments and worlds
downloaded and displayed in a web browser
well suited to sharing of CAD data

Other CAD File Formats


DXF
de facto standard published by AutoDesk
(AutoCAD)
STL
3D file format used as input for Stereolithography
SAT
solid model file format used by ACIS-based CAD
systems

Thank you

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