Outline

Introduction

What is a distributed DBMS

Problems
Current state-of-affairs

Distributed DBMS

Background
Distributed DBMS Architecture
Distributed Database Design (Briefly)
Distributed Query Processing (Briefly)
Distributed Transaction Management (Extensive)
Building Distributed Database Systems (RAID)
Mobile Database Systems
Privacy, Trust, and Authentication
Peer to Peer Systems

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

Page 1.1

File Systems

program 1
data description 1

File 1

program 2
data description 2
program 3
data description 3

Distributed DBMS

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

File 2
File 3

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Database Management
Application
program 1
(with data
semantics)

Application
program 2
(with data
semantics)

DBMS

description
manipulation
control

database

Application
program 3
(with data
semantics)
Distributed DBMS

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

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Integrate Databases and Communication

Database
Technology

Computer
Networks

integration

distribution
Distributed
Database
Systems
integration

Distributed DBMS

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

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Distributed Computing

A number of autonomous processing elements

(not necessarily homogeneous) that are
interconnected by a computer network and that
cooperate in performing their assigned tasks.

Distributed DBMS

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

Page 1.5

Distributed Computing

Synonymous terms

distributed data processing

multiprocessors/multicomputers
satellite processing

backend processing

dedicated/special purpose computers

timeshared systems

functionally modular systems

Peer to Peer Systems

Distributed DBMS

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

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Satellite processing

Distributed DBMS

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

Page 1.7

Time-shared processing

Time-sharing is the sharing of a computing resource among many users by means of multiprogramming
and multi-tasking. By allowing a large number of users to interact concurrently with a single computer,
time-sharing dramatically lowered the cost of providing computing capability, made it possible for
individuals and organizations to use a computer without owning one, and promoted the interactive use of
computers and the development of new interactive applications. Time-sharing was developed out of the
realization that while any single user was inefficient, a large group of users together were not. This was
due to the pattern of interaction; in most cases users entered bursts of information followed by long
pause, but a group of users working at the same time would mean that the pauses of one user would be
used up by the activity of the others. Given an optimal group size, the overall process could be very
efficient. Similarly, small slices of time spent waiting for disk, tape, or network input could be granted to
other users.

Distributed DBMS

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

Page 1.8

What is distributed

Distributed DBMS

Processing logic

Functions

Data

Control

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

Page 1.9

What is a Distributed Database System?

A distributed database (DDB) is a collection of multiple,
logically interrelated databases distributed over a computer
network.
A distributed database management system (DDBMS) is
the software that manages the DDB and provides an
access mechanism that makes this distribution
transparent to the users.
Distributed database system (DDBS) = DB +
Communication
Distributed DBMS

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

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What is not a DDBS?

A timesharing computer system

A loosely or tightly coupled multiprocessor system

A database system which resides at one of the

nodes of a network of computers - this is a
centralized database on a network node

Distributed DBMS

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

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Centralized DBMS on a Network

Site 1
Site 2
Site 5
Communication
Network

Site 4

Distributed DBMS

Site 3

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

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Distributed DBMS Environment

Site 1
Site 2
Site 5
Communication
Network

Site 4
Distributed DBMS

Site 3

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

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Implicit Assumptions

Data stored at a number of sites each site

logically consists of a single processor.
Processors at different sites are interconnected
by a computer network no multiprocessors
parallel database systems

Distributed database is a database, not a

collection of files data logically related as
exhibited in the users access patterns
relational data model

D-DBMS is a full-fledged DBMS

not remote file system, not a TP system

Distributed DBMS

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

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Shared-Memory Architecture

P1

Pn

M
D

Examples : symmetric multiprocessors (Sequent, Encore)

and some mainframes (IBM3090, Bull's
DPS8)
Distributed DBMS

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

Page 1.15

Shared-Nothing Architecture

P1
M1

D1

Pn
Mn

Dn

Examples : Teradata's DBC, Tandem, Intel's

Paragon, NCR's 3600 and 3700
Distributed DBMS

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

Page 1.16

Applications

Manufacturing - especially multi-plant

manufacturing
Military command and control
Electronic fund transfers and electronic trading
Corporate MIS
Airline restrictions
Hotel chains
Any organization which has a decentralized
organization structure

Distributed DBMS

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

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Distributed DBMS Promises

Transparent management of distributed,

fragmented, and replicated data
Improved reliability/availability through
distributed transactions
Improved performance
Easier and more economical system
expansion

Distributed DBMS

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

Page 1.18

Transparency

Transparency is the separation of the higher level

semantics of a system from the lower level
implementation issues.
Fundamental issue is to provide
data independence
in the distributed environment
Network (distribution) transparency
Replication transparency
Fragmentation transparency

Distributed DBMS

horizontal fragmentation: selection

vertical fragmentation: projection
hybrid

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

Page 1.19

Example
ASG

EMP
ENO

ENAME

TITLE

E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
E6
E7
E8

J. Doe
M. Smith
A. Lee
J. Miller
B. Casey
L. Chu
R. Davis
J. Jones

Elect. Eng.
Syst. Anal.
Mech. Eng.
Programmer
Syst. Anal.
Elect. Eng.
Mech. Eng.
Syst. Anal.

ENO PNO

PROJ

Distributed DBMS

E1
E2
E2
E3
E3
E4
E5
E6
E7
E7
E8

P1
P1
P2
P3
P4
P2
P2
P4
P3
P5
P3

RESP
Manager
Analyst
Analyst
Consultant
Engineer
Programmer
Manager
Manager
Engineer
Engineer
Manager

DUR
12
24
6
10
48
18
24
48
36
23
40

PAY

PNO

PNAME

BUDGET

TITLE

SAL

P1
P2
P3
P4

Instrumentation
Database Develop.
CAD/CAM
Maintenance

150000
135000
250000
310000

Elect. Eng.
Syst. Anal.
Mech. Eng.
Programmer

40000
34000
27000
24000

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

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Transparent Access
SELECT
FROM
WHERE
AND
AND

ENAME,SAL
EMP,ASG,PAY
DUR > 12
EMP.ENO = ASG.ENO
PAY.TITLE = EMP.TITLE

Tokyo
Paris

Boston

Communication
Network
Boston projects
Boston employees
Boston assignments
New
York
Boston projects
New York employees
New York projects
New York assignments
Distributed DBMS

2001 M. Tamer zsu & Patrick Valduriez

Paris projects
Paris employees
Paris assignments
Boston employees

Montreal
Montreal projects
Paris projects
New York projects
with budget > 200000
Montreal employees
Montreal assignments
Page 1.21