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Lec 21: Isentropic Efficiencies, Air: Standard Cycle, Carnot Cycle, Otto Cycle

This document provides an overview of isentropic efficiencies, the air standard cycle, Carnot cycle, and Otto cycle. It discusses isentropic efficiency for compressors and turbines, defines the assumptions of the air standard cycle, and outlines the processes in the Otto and Carnot cycles. Key points covered include using isentropic processes as an ideal comparison, defining compressor and turbine efficiencies, analyzing cycles using variable and constant specific heats, and noting the Carnot cycle is the most efficient but not practical to realize.

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Ashok Pradhan
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113 views45 pages

Lec 21: Isentropic Efficiencies, Air: Standard Cycle, Carnot Cycle, Otto Cycle

This document provides an overview of isentropic efficiencies, the air standard cycle, Carnot cycle, and Otto cycle. It discusses isentropic efficiency for compressors and turbines, defines the assumptions of the air standard cycle, and outlines the processes in the Otto and Carnot cycles. Key points covered include using isentropic processes as an ideal comparison, defining compressor and turbine efficiencies, analyzing cycles using variable and constant specific heats, and noting the Carnot cycle is the most efficient but not practical to realize.

Uploaded by

Ashok Pradhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lec 21: Isentropic efficiencies, air

standard cycle, Carnot cycle, Otto cycle

For next time:


Read: 8-6 to 8-7
HW11 due Wednesday, November 12, 2003
Outline:
Isentropic efficiency
Air standard cycle
Otto cycle
Important points:
Realize that we already know how to analyze all
these new cycles, we just need to define what the
cycle steps are
Know the difference between the air standard cycle
and the cold air approximations
Know how to solve cycles using variable specific
heats and constant specific heats
2

Isentropic Efficiencies
We can use the isentropic process as an
ideal by which to compare real processes
in different engineering devices.
COMPRESSORS

Ws
ws
c

Wact w act
Actual compressors take more work than
isentropic compressors. The efficiency
will vary between zero and one.

Compressor Isentropic Efficiency


For a steady-state, adiabatic compressor

q w h 2 h1 KE PE
If q, KE, and PE are all zero, then:

w h1 h 2

General expression

w s h 1 h 2s

Isentropic
compressor
Actual compressor

w a h1 h 2a

Compressor Isentropic Efficiency


The compressor efficiency is then:

w s h1 h 2s
c

w a h1 h 2 a

For an ideal gas with constant specific heats,

w s h 1 h 2s c p (T1 T2 s )
w a h1 h 2a c p (T1 T2a )
Thus:

T1 T2s
c
T1 T2a
5

Compressor Isentropic Efficiency


Note that the work is directly
proportional to T with constant specific
heats. Real gases will also have
dependence on P.
The work can then be represented by
a change on the T-axis of a Ts
diagram.
6

Compressor Isentropic
Efficiencies
T

2a
2s

T1T2a

T1T2s

1
S

Isentropic Efficiencies
TURBINES
With turbines, were interested in the
work/power output not input. An isentropic
turbine will produce the maximum output.
Efficiency is given by:

Wact w act
T

Ws
ws

h1 h 2a
T
h1 h 2s

Again,
isentropic
efficiency will
vary between
zero and one.

Isentropic Efficiencies
T

2a

2s 2a 2a
S

Actual path
will vary
depending on
amount of
irreversibilities
...

Isentropic Efficiencies
For nozzles, the isentropic efficiency is given by

Vexit

N
2
Vexit

s
10

TEAMPLAY
Work problem 7-89

11

Chapter 8, Gas Cycles


Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle
that can be executed between a heat
source and a heat sink.

TL
1TH
However, isothermal heat transfer is
difficult to obtain in reality--requires large
heat exchangers and a lot of time.
12

Gas Cycles
Therefore, the very important (reversible)
Carnot cycle, composed of two reversible
isothermal processes and two reversible
adiabatic processes, is never realized as a
practical matter.
Its real value is as a standard of
comparison for all other cycles.
13

Gas Cycles
Assumptions of air standard cycle
Analyze two cycles in detail
Otto
Brayton

14

Assumptions of air standard cycle


Working fluid is air
Air is ideal gas
Combustion process is replaced by heat
addition process
Heat rejection is used to restore the fluid
to its initial state and complete the cycle
All processes are internally reversible
Constant or variable specific heats can be
used
15

Gas cycles have many engineering


applications
Internal combustion engine
Otto cycle
Diesel cycle
Gas turbines
Brayton cycle
Refrigeration
Reversed Brayton cycle
16

Some nomenclature before


starting internal combustion
engine cycles

17

More terminology

18

Terminology

Bore = d
Stroke = s
d 2

Displacement volume =DV = s


4
Clearance volume = CV
Compression ratio = r

VBDC
DV CV

r
CV
VTDC
19

Mean Effective Pressure


Mean Effective Pressure (MEP) is a fictitious
pressure, such that if it acted on the piston
during the entire power stroke, it would
produce the same amount of net work.

Wnet
MEP
Vmax Vmin
20

The net work output of


a cycle is equivalent to
the product of the
mean effect pressure
and the displacement
volume

21

Real Otto
cycle

22

Real and Idealized Cycle

23

Idealized Otto cycle

24

Idealized Otto cycle


1-2

- ADIABATIC COMPRESSION (ISENTROPIC)

2-3

- CONSTANT VOLUME HEAT ADDITION

3-4

- ADIABATIC EXPANSION (ISENTROPIC)

4-1

- CONSTANT VOLUME HEAT REJECTION

25

Performance of cycle
Efficiency:

w net

q in

Lets start by getting heat input:

q in u 3 u 2
26

Cycle Performance
Get net work from energy balance of
cycle:
net
in
out

q q

Substituting for qin and qout:

w net (u 3 u 2 ) (u 4 u1 )
Efficiency is then:

w net

q in

27

Cycle Performance
Substituting for net work and heat input:

(u 3 - u 2 ) - (u 4 - u1 )

(u 3 - u 2 )
We can simplify the above expression:

(u 4 - u1 )
1
(u 3 - u 2 )
28

Teamplay
Problem 8-36

29

Cold air standard cycle


cp, cv, and k are constant at ambient
temperature ( 70 F) values.
Assumption will allow us to get a quick
first cutapproximation of performance
of cycle.

30

Cycle performance with cold air


cycle assumptions
If we assume constant specific heats:

c v (T4 - T1 )
(u 4 - u1 )
1
1
(u 3 - u 2 )
c v (T3 - T2 )

(T4 - T1 )
1
(T3 - T2 )
31

Cycle performance with cold air


cycle assumptions
Because weve got two isentropic processes
in the cycle, T1 can be related to T2, and T3
can be related to T4 with our ideal gas
isentropic relationships.
Details are in the book!

T2 V1


T1 V2

k 1

k 1

T4 V4


T3 V3
T4 T3

Thus
T1 T2

k 1

1
r k 1

32

Cycle performance with cold air


cycle assumptions

T1
1
1
1 k 1
T2
r
This looks like the Carnot efficiency, but it
is not! T1 and T2 are not constant.
What are the limitations for this
expression?

33

Differences between Otto and


Carnot cycles

34

Effect of compression ratio on Otto


cycle efficiency

35

Sample Problem
The air at the beginning of the compression
stroke of an air-standard Otto cycle is at 95
kPa and 22C and the cylinder volume is
5600 cm3. The compression ratio is 9 and
8.6 kJ are added during the heat addition
process. Calculate:
(a) the temperature and pressure after the
compression and heat addition
process
(b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle
Use cold air cycle assumptions.

36

Draw cycle and label points

r = V1 /V2 = V4 /V3 = 9
Q23 = 8.6 kJ

T1 = 299 K
P1 = 95 kPa
37

Major assumptions

Kinetic and potential energies are zero


Closed system
1 is start of compression
Ideal cycle: 1-2 isentropic compression,
2-3 const. volume heat addition, etc.
Cold cycle const. properties

38

Carry through with solution


Calculate mass of air:
P1V1
m
6.29 x 10-3 kg
RT1

Compression occurs from 1 to 2:


V1

T2 T1
V2

k 1

isentropic compression

T2 22 273 K 9

T2 705.6 K

1.4 1

But we need T3!


39

Get T3 with first law:


Q 23 W m(u ke pe) mc v T3 T2
Solve for T3:

q
8.6 kJ 6.29x10 3 kg
705.6 K
T3 T2
cv
0.855 kJ
kg

T3 2304.7 K
40

Thermal Efficiency

1
r

k 1

1
1.4 1

0.585
41

Lets take a look at the Diesel cycle.

42

Idealized Diesel cycle


1-2

- ADIABATIC COMPRESSION (ISENTROPIC)

2-3

- CONSTANT PRESSURE HEAT ADDITION

3-4

- ADIABATIC EXPANSION (ISENTROPIC)

4-1

- CONSTANT VOLUME HEAT REJECTION

43

Performance of cycle

Efficiency:

w net

q in

Heat input occurs from 2 to 3 in


constant pressure process:

q in h 3 h 2

Why enthalpies?

44

TEAMPLAY
Work problem 8-16

45

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