12.
3 FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS AND
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
Lecture 3
Functional Group and Homologous Series
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson the students should be
able to :
Define functional group.
Name functional groups and classify organic
compounds according to their functional
groups.
Define homologous series and explain general
characteristics of its members.
Functional group
isan atom or group of atoms in an
organic molecule which characterised
the molecule and enables it to react in
specific ways which determines its
chemical properties.
Functional groups are important for
three reasons:
i. A basic by which organic compounds
are divided into different classes.
ii. A basic for naming organic compounds
iii. A particular functional group will
always undergo similar types of
chemical reactions.
Homologous Series
isseries of compounds where each
member differs from the next member by
a constant – CH2 unit
Members of the same homologous
series are called homologs.
Homologs Features
1. Obey a general formula:
Examples:
Alkane: CnH2n +2
Alkene: CnH2n
Alcohol : CnH2n+1 OH
2. Differ from the successive homolog by a CH2 unit
3. Show a gradual change in the physical properties
4. Have same functional group
5. Have similar chemical properties
6. Can be prepared by similar general methods
Classification of organic compound
Functional Group
Class of Example
Compound Structure
Name
Alkane CH3-CH3
carbon-carbon
Alkene -C=C- double bond CH3CH=CH2
carbon-carbon
Alkyne -C C- triple bond CH3C CCH3
Aromatic Benzene ring -CH3
Haloalkane X (F, Cl, Br, I) Halogen CH3Cl
Alcohol -OH Hydroxyl CH3-OH
Phenol -OH Hydroxyl -OH
Ether -C-O-C- Alkoxide CH3-O-CH3
-C=O CH3-C=O
Aldehyde H Carbonyl H
R-C=O CH3-C=O
Ketone R Carbonyl CH3
Carboxylic -C=O CH3-C=O
acid OH Carboxyl OH
-C-O-C- CH3-C=O
Ester O Carboalkoxy OCH3
-C=O CH3-C=O
Acyl chloride Cl Cl
O O O O
Anhydride -C-O-C- CH3C-O-CCH3
Amide -C=O Carboxamide CH3-C=O
N- NH2
Amine -NH2 Amino CH3-NH2
Nitrile -C N Cyano group CH3C N
Exercises:
1. Identify the functional group in the following
molecules
a)(CH3)3CCH2CH=CH2
b)(CH3)3CCH=CHCH2-OH
c) O O O
C OH C O C CH3
CH3 CH2 OH CH2 O
CH3 C C C CH C NH2
NH2 CH C O CH3
CH2 O
