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Lazy vs. Eager Learning

Lazy learning methods store training data and wait until test data is received to perform classification, while eager methods construct a classification model during training. Lazy methods have less training time but more prediction time compared to eager methods. Lazy methods can effectively use a richer hypothesis space by combining many local linear functions, while eager methods commit to a single global hypothesis. Common lazy learning algorithms include k-nearest neighbors, which classifies new examples based on the labels of its k closest training examples, and locally weighted regression.

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241 views6 pages

Lazy vs. Eager Learning

Lazy learning methods store training data and wait until test data is received to perform classification, while eager methods construct a classification model during training. Lazy methods have less training time but more prediction time compared to eager methods. Lazy methods can effectively use a richer hypothesis space by combining many local linear functions, while eager methods commit to a single global hypothesis. Common lazy learning algorithms include k-nearest neighbors, which classifies new examples based on the labels of its k closest training examples, and locally weighted regression.

Uploaded by

akshayhazari8281
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lazy vs.

Eager Learning
Lazy vs. eager learning
Lazy learning (e.g., instance-based learning): Simply
stores training data (or only minor processing) and waits
until it is given a test tuple
Eager learning (eg. Decision trees, SVM, NN): Given a
set of training set, constructs a classification model
before receiving new (e.g., test) data to classify

Lazy: less time in training but more time in


predicting
Accuracy
Lazy method effectively uses a richer hypothesis space
since it uses many local linear functions to form its
implicit global approximation to the target function
Eager: must commit to a single hypothesis that covers
the entire instance space

Lazy Learner: Instance-Based


Methods
Instance-based learning:
Store training examples and delay the processing
(lazy evaluation) until a new instance must be
classified

Typical approaches
k-nearest neighbor approach
Instances represented as points in a Euclidean
space.
Locally weighted regression
Constructs local approximation

The k-Nearest Neighbor


Algorithm

All instances correspond to points in the


n-D space
The nearest neighbor are defined in
terms of Euclidean distance, dist(X1, X2)
Target function could be discrete- or
real- value
_

+
_
_

.
+

+
xq

_
+

.
.

For discrete-valued, k-NN returns the


most common value among the k
training examples nearest to xq
Vonoroi diagram: the decision surface
induced by 1-NN for a typical set of
training examples

Discussion on the k-NN Algorithm


k-NN for real-valued prediction for a given unknown tuple
Returns the mean values of the k nearest neighbors

Distance-weighted nearest neighbor algorithm


Weight the contribution of each of the k neighbors according to
their distance to the query xq
Give greater weight to closer neighbors

Robust to noisy data by averaging k-nearest neighbors


Curse of dimensionality: distance between neighbors
could be dominated by irrelevant attributes
To overcome it, axes stretch or elimination of the least relevant
attributes

Case-Based Reasoning (CBR)


CBR: Uses a database of problem solutions to solve new problems
Store symbolic description (tuples or cases)not points in a Euclidean
space
Applications: Customer-service (product-related diagnosis), legal ruling
Methodology
Instances represented by rich symbolic descriptions (e.g., function
graphs)
Search for similar cases, multiple retrieved cases may be combined
Tight coupling between case retrieval, knowledge-based reasoning,
and problem solving
Challenges
Find a good similarity metric
Indexing based on syntactic similarity measure, and when failure,
backtracking, and adapting to additional cases

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