Spillways are openings in dams that allow excess water to discharge safely when the water level rises above normal. They are essential for safety reasons, to prevent overtopping of dams, and to protect dams from erosion. Proper spillway design requires considering factors like inflow capacity, hydrological conditions, dam type, and purpose. Spillways typically include components like approach channels, inlet structures, control structures, conveyance features, terminal structures, and exit channels to safely direct excess water downstream. Energy dissipation structures like stilling basins are also important spillway elements.
Spillways are openings in dams that allow excess water to discharge safely when the water level rises above normal. They are essential for safety reasons, to prevent overtopping of dams, and to protect dams from erosion. Proper spillway design requires considering factors like inflow capacity, hydrological conditions, dam type, and purpose. Spillways typically include components like approach channels, inlet structures, control structures, conveyance features, terminal structures, and exit channels to safely direct excess water downstream. Energy dissipation structures like stilling basins are also important spillway elements.
Spillways are openings in dams that allow excess water to discharge safely when the water level rises above normal. They are essential for safety reasons, to prevent overtopping of dams, and to protect dams from erosion. Proper spillway design requires considering factors like inflow capacity, hydrological conditions, dam type, and purpose. Spillways typically include components like approach channels, inlet structures, control structures, conveyance features, terminal structures, and exit channels to safely direct excess water downstream. Energy dissipation structures like stilling basins are also important spillway elements.
Spillways are openings in dams that allow excess water to discharge safely when the water level rises above normal. They are essential for safety reasons, to prevent overtopping of dams, and to protect dams from erosion. Proper spillway design requires considering factors like inflow capacity, hydrological conditions, dam type, and purpose. Spillways typically include components like approach channels, inlet structures, control structures, conveyance features, terminal structures, and exit channels to safely direct excess water downstream. Energy dissipation structures like stilling basins are also important spillway elements.
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DESIGN OF
SPILLWAY
The SPILLWAYS are openings
provided at the body of the dam to discharge safely the excess water or flood water when the water level rises above the normal pool level.
Why is it ESSENTIAL? (a) The height of the dam is always fixed according to the maximum reservoir capacity. The water is never stored in the reservoir above the normal pool level. The dam may fail by over turning so, for the safety of the dam the spillways are essential.
Why is it ESSENTIAL? (b) The top of the dam is generally utilized by making road. The surplus water is not be allowed to over top the dam, so to stop the over topping by the surplus water, the spillways become extremely essential. (c) To protect the downstream base and floor of the dam from the effect of scouring and erosion, the spillways are provided so that the excess water flows smoothly.
What are the
ESSENTIAL requirements? It must have adequate discharge capacity It must be hydraulically and structurally safe The surface of the spillway must be erosion resistant It should be provided with some device for the dissipation of excess energy The spillway discharge should not exceed the safe discharge capacity of the downstream channel to avoid its flooding.
What are the
ESSENTIAL requirements? The spillway must be so located that the spillway discharge does not erode or undermine the downstream toe of the dam Generally, the spillways are provided at the following places Provided within the body of the dam. May sometimes be provided at one side or both sides of the dam. Sometimes by-pass spillway is provided which is completely separate from the dam.
Design of
SPILLWAYS
Design of SPILLWAYS Many parameters need consideration in designing a spillway. These include: The inflow design flood hydro-graph The type of spillway to be provided and its capacity The hydraulic and structural design of various components and The energy dissipation downstream of the spillway.
Factors
AFFECTING Design
Safety CONSIDERATION Consistent with ECONOMY
Many failures of dams have resulted from
improperly designed spillway or spillways of inadequate capacity. Properly designed structure of adequate capacity may be found to be only moderately higher in cost than a structure of inadequate capacity.
HYDROLOGICAL and SITE CONDITIONS
The spillway design and its capacity depend on
Inflow discharge, its frequency, and shape of hydrograph Height of dam Capacity curve Geological and other site conditions
HYDROLOGICAL and SITE CONDITIONS Important topographical features, which affect spillways design, are Steepness of terrain Amount of excavation and possibility of its use as embankment material. The possibility of scour Stability of slopes, safe bearing capacity of soils. Permeability of soils.
Type of DAM
The type of dam influences the design flood and
spillway. Earth and rockfill dams have to be provided with ample spillway capacity.
PURPOSE of the Dam and OPERATING CONDITIONS
The ungated spillway should be provided, except in
special circumstances when gated spillway may be provided.
Spillway
COMPONENTS
APPROACH CHANNEL
Approach CHANNELS
It is an entrance structure to draw water from
the reservoir and convey it to the control structure The approach channel may be a straight or curved in plan. Its banks may be parallel, convergent, divergent or combination of these and may be vertical or sloping.
INLET STRUCTURE
Inlet STRUCTURE
This conveys water from the approach
channel to the control structure and is intended to improve approach conditions to the control structure
CONTROL STRUCTURE
Control STRUCTURE
Control structure consists of a weir which may be
sharp. It regulates and controls the surplus water from the reservoir. It does not allow the discharge of water below from reservoir level and allows only when water surface in the reservoir rises above that level.
CONVEYANCE FEATURE
Discharge CARRIER
It is the waterway provided to convey the
flows released from the control structure to the river below the dam The discharge channel may be the downstream face of spillway itself, or open channel excavated along the ground surface or a closed conduit placed through or under a dam
TERMINAL STRUCTURE
Terminal STRUCTURE
At the downstream end of the discharge carrier
when flow from reservoir to downstream river level manifests itself in the form of high velocities enough to cause scour, erosion and subsequent damage to adjacent structures, a terminal structure usually in the form of stilling basin is provided for dissipation of residual energy
Energy DISSIPATERS They are usually provided on the downstream side of the spillway. High voltage water coming through spillway may cause serious damage to the toe of dam and to the adjacent structures. This high energy of flow must be dissipated before it flows back to river. For this, energy dissipaters are provided.
