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10 Advanced Topics (Chapter 4)

Computer Network Chapter3 by Larry petrson and bruce

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66 views

10 Advanced Topics (Chapter 4)

Computer Network Chapter3 by Larry petrson and bruce

Uploaded by

Jagannath Jaggu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, 5e

Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S. Davie

10 Advanced Topics (Chapter 4)


Advanced Internetworking

Copyright 2010, Elsevier Inc. All rights Reserved

Chapter 4

Problems
How do we build a routing system that can
handle hundreds of thousands of networks and
billions of end nodes?
How to handle address space exhaustion of
IPV4?
How to enhance the functionalities of Internet?

Chapter 4

Chapter Outline
Global Internet
Multicast
Mobile IP

Chapter 4

Chapter Goal
Understanding the scalability of routing in the
Internet
Discussing IPv6
Understanding the concept of multicasting
Discussing Mobile IP

Chapter 4

The Global Internet

The tree structure of the Internet in 1990

Chapter 4

The Global Internet

A simple multi-provider Internet

Internet is organized as autonomous systems


(AS) each of which is under the control of a
single administrative entity

Autonomous System (AS)

Chapter 4

Interdomain Routing (BGP)

corresponds to an administrative domain


examples: University, company, backbone network

A corporations internal network might be a


single AS, as may the network of a single
Internet service provider
7

Chapter 4

Interdomain Routing

A network with two autonomous system


8

Idea: Provide an additional way to hierarchically


aggregate routing information is a large internet.

Improves scalability

Divide the routing problem in two parts:

Chapter 4

Route Propagation

Routing within a single autonomous system


Routing between autonomous systems

Another name for autonomous systems in the Internet is


routing domains

Two-level route propagation hierarchy

Inter-domain routing protocol (Internet-wide standard)


Intra-domain routing protocol (each AS selects its own)

Chapter 4

EGP and BGP

Inter-domain Routing Protocols

Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)

Forced a tree-like topology onto the Internet


Did not allow for the topology to become general

Tree like structure: there is a single backbone and autonomous systems


are connected only as parents and children and not as peers

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

Assumes that the Internet is an arbitrarily interconnected set of ASs.


Todays Internet consists of an interconnection of multiple backbone
networks (they are usually called service provider networks, and
they are operated by private companies rather than the government)
Sites are connected to each other in arbitrary ways

10

Chapter 4

BGP

Some large corporations connect directly to one


or more of the backbone, while others connect to
smaller, non-backbone service providers.
Many service providers exist mainly to provide
service to consumers (individuals with PCs in
their homes), and these providers must connect
to the backbone providers
Often many providers arrange to interconnect
with each other at a single peering point

11

Assumes the Internet is an arbitrarily interconnected


set of AS's.

Define local traffic as traffic that originates at or


terminates on nodes within an AS, and transit traffic
as traffic that passes through an AS.

We can classify AS's into three types:

Stub AS: an AS that has only a single connection to one other AS;
such an AS will only carry local traffic (small corporation in the
figure of the previous page).

Multihomed AS: an AS that has connections to more than one other


AS, but refuses to carry transit traffic (large corporation at the top in
the figure of the previous page).

Transit AS: an AS that has connections to more than one other AS,
and is designed to carry both transit and local traffic (backbone
providers in the figure of the previous page).

Chapter 4

BGP-4: Border Gateway Protocol

12

Chapter 4

BGP

The goal of Inter-domain routing is to find


any path to the intended destination that is
loop free

We are concerned with reachability than


optimality
Finding path anywhere close to optimal is
considered to be a great achievement

Why?
13

Chapter 4

BGP

Scalability: An Internet backbone router must be able to


forward any packet destined anywhere in the Internet

Having a routing table that will provide a match for any valid IP
address

Autonomous nature of the domains

It is impossible to calculate meaningful path costs for a path that


crosses multiple ASs

A cost of 1000 across one provider might imply a great path but it
might mean an unacceptable bad one from another provid

Issues of trust

Provider A might be unwilling to believe certain advertisements


from provider B

14

Chapter 4

BGP
Each AS has:
One BGP speaker that advertises:

local networks
other reachable networks (transit AS only)
gives path information

In addition to the BGP speakers, the AS has one or more


border gateways which need not be the same as the
speakers
The border gateways are the routers through which
packets enter and leave the AS

15

Chapter 4

BGP

BGP does not belong to either of the two


main classes of routing protocols (distance
vectors and link-state protocols)

BGP advertises complete paths as an


enumerated lists of ASs to reach a
particular network

16

Chapter 4

BGP Example

Example of a network running BGP

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Speaker for AS 2 advertises reachability


to P and Q

Network 128.96, 192.4.153, 192.4.32, and


192.4.3, can be reached directly from AS 2.

Speaker for backbone network then


advertises

Chapter 4

BGP Example

Networks 128.96, 192.4.153, 192.4.32, and


192.4.3 can be reached along the path <AS
1, AS 2>.

Speaker can also cancel previously


advertised paths
18

Chapter 4

BGP Issues
It should be apparent that the AS
numbers carried in BGP need to be
unique
For example, AS 2 can only recognize
itself in the AS path in the example if no
other AS identifies itself in the same way
AS numbers are 16-bit numbers assigned
by a central authority

19

Chapter 4

Integrating Interdomain and Intradomain


Routing

All routers run iBGP and an intradomain routing


protocol. Border routers (A, D, E) also run eBGP to
other ASs
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Chapter 4

Integrating Interdomain and Intradomain


Routing

BGP routing table, IGP routing table, and combined


table at router B
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Chapter 4

Routing Areas

Backbone area
Area border router
(ABR)

A domain divided into area

22

Chapter 4

Next Generation IP
(IPv6)

23

Chapter 4

Major Features
128-bit addresses
Multicast
Real-time service
Authentication and security
Auto-configuration
End-to-end fragmentation
Enhanced routing functionality, including
support for mobile hosts

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Classless addressing/routing (similar to


CIDR)
Notation: x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x (x = 16-bit hex
number)

Chapter 4

IPv6 Addresses

contiguous 0s are compressed:


47CD::A456:0124
IPv6 compatible IPv4 address: ::128.42.1.87

Address assignment

provider-based
geographic
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40-byte base header


Extension headers (fixed order, mostly fixed length)

Chapter 4

IPv6 Header
fragmentation
source routing
authentication and
security
other options

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