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    Wireless & Mobile Networking:: Multiple Division Techniques

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    Abdou Dabado Obado
    The document discusses multiple division techniques used in wireless networks, including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). It explains the concepts and models of each technique, how they divide up a radio signal by frequency, time, or code to allow multiple users to share the same channel. The document also covers spread spectrum techniques used in CDMA, such as direct sequence and frequency hopping, and issues like the near-far problem.

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    Wireless & Mobile Networking:: Multiple Division Techniques

    Uploaded by

    Abdou Dabado Obado
    20 views23 pages
    The document discusses multiple division techniques used in wireless networks, including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). It explains the concepts and models of each technique, how they divide up a radio signal by frequency, time, or code to allow multiple users to share the same channel. The document also covers spread spectrum techniques used in CDMA, such as direct sequence and frequency hopping, and issues like the near-far problem.

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    wireless

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    CHP3c (2)

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    The document discusses multiple division techniques used in wireless networks, including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). It explains the concepts and models of each technique, how they divide up a radio signal by frequency, time, or code to allow multiple users to share the same channel. The document also covers spread spectrum techniques used in CDMA, such as direct sequence and frequency hopping, and issues like the near-far problem.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    20 views23 pages

    Wireless & Mobile Networking:: Multiple Division Techniques

    Uploaded by

    Abdou Dabado Obado
    The document discusses multiple division techniques used in wireless networks, including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). It explains the concepts and models of each technique, how they divide up a radio signal by frequency, time, or code to allow multiple users to share the same channel. The document also covers spread spectrum techniques used in CDMA, such as direct sequence and frequency hopping, and issues like the near-far problem.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    Wireless

    & Mobile Networking:

    Multiple Division Techniques


    Azizol Bin Abdullah
    [email protected] (A2.04)
    Rujukan: Text Book Chapter 7

    Multiple Division Techniques


    To accommodate a number of users, many traffic
    channels need to be made available.
    In principle, there are three basic ways to have
    many channels within an allocated bandwidth:

    Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)


    Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
    Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

    Concepts and Models of FDMA,


    TDMA and CDMA
    In one BS radio service range, may be many MSs are
    located.
    MS must distinguish which signal meant for itself among
    many signals being transmitted by other users.
    BS should be able to recognize the signal sent by a
    particular user.
    In cellular system, MS not only can distinguish a signal
    from a serving BS but also can discriminate the signal from
    adjacent BS. Multiple access techniques important in
    mobile cellular system!

    Concepts and Models of FDMA,


    TDMA and CDMA (cont.)
    A Radio Signal can be presented as a function of
    frequency, time and code.
    s (f,t,c) = s(f,t)c(t)
    Where
    s(f,t) a function of frequency and time
    c(t) a function of code

    When c(t) = 1 then


    s (f,t,c) = s(f,t)

    Concepts and Models of FDMA,


    TDMA and CDMA (cont.)

    System employs different carrier frequency FDMA system.


    System uses distinct time TDMA system.
    System uses different code CDMA system.
    In wireless communications, it is necessary to utilize limited
    frequency bands at the same time, allowing multiple users(MSs) to
    share radio channel simultaneously.
    To provide simultaneous two-way communication (duplex
    communication) :
    Frequency division duplexing (FDD)
    Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
    FDMA uses FDD, TDMA & CDMA uses TDD @FDD

    FDMA

    FDMA

    TDMA

    TDMA

    TDMA

    CDMA

    CDMA

    CDMA
    CDMA is a system based on spread-spectrum
    technology.
    Spread-spectrum transmission technique wherein
    data occupy a larger bandwidth than necessary.
    There are two basic types of implementation
    methodologies:

    Direct Sequence (DS)


    Frequency Hoping (FH)

    TD-CDMA

    SDMA

    (SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS)

    CDMA: Spread Spectrum


    Spread spectrum a transmission technique
    wherein data occupy a larger bandwidth than
    necessary
    Bandwidth spreading is a accomplished before
    transmission using a code that is independent of the
    transmitted data. The same code is used to
    demodulated the data at receiving end.
    Originally designed for military used to avoid
    jamming.

    Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

    CDMA: Spread Spectrum (cont.)


    Signal transmission consists of the following steps:
    1. A pseudo-random code is generated, different for each channel and each
    successive connection.
    2. The Information data modulates the pseudo-random code (the Information
    data is spread).
    3. The resulting signal modulates a carrier.
    4. The modulated carrier is amplified and broadcast.

    CDMA: Spread Spectrum (cont.)


    Signal reception consists of the following steps:
    1. The carrier is received and amplified.
    2. The received signal is mixed with a local carrier to recover the spread digital signal.
    3. A pseudo-random code is generated, matching the anticipated signal.
    4. The receiver acquires the received code and phase locks its own code to it.
    5. The received signal is correlated with the generated code, extracting the
    Information data.

    CDMA: Spread Spectrum (cont.)


    Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

    In this method, the radio signal is multiplied by a


    pseudorandom sequence whose bandwidth is much greater than
    that signal itself spreading its bandwidth.
    Pseudorandom sequence directly phase modulates a carrier
    increase the bandwidth of transmission and lowering the
    spectral power density.
    The resulting RF signal has a noiselike spectrum. Noise to others
    but not to the intended receiver.
    The received signal is despread by correlating it with the local
    identical pseudorandom sequence to spread the carrier at the
    receiver.

    CDMA: Spread Spectrum (cont.)


    Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

    A pseudorandom sequence is used to change the radio signal


    frequency across a broad frequency band in a random fashion.
    The modulation technique implies that the radio transmitter
    frequency hops from channel to channel in a predetermined.
    The RF signal is dehopped at the receiver end using a frequency
    synthesizer control by a pseudorandom sequence generator.
    A frequency hopper may be:

    Fast hopped: multiple hops per data bit


    Slow hopped: multiple bits per hop

    Multiple simultaneous from several users is possible using FH as


    long as each uses different FH sequences and not collide.

    CDMA: Near Far Problem


    Stems from a wide range of signal levels
    received in wireless mobile communication.
    When two MSs are communicating with BS
    with same transmission power and different
    path length the received signal levels will
    be different.
    When MSs used adjacent channel.. There
    will be Inteference.

    Modulation Techniques
    AM (Amplitude Modulation)

    First method used to transfer voice information.


    The amplitude of a carrier signal with constant
    frequency.

    FM (Frequency Modulation)

    Method that integrate information signal with an


    alternating current(ac) wave.

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