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    Power System Analysis: Economic Dispatch

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    Salman Zafar
    This document summarizes a lecture on economic dispatch in power systems. It discusses how generating electricity from different technologies has varying capital and operating costs. The lecture covers generator cost models including input/output curves, fuel cost curves, heat rate curves and incremental cost curves. It also provides examples of calculating coal usage and costs for a generator, as well as the incremental costs of two generators operating at different outputs. The goal of economic dispatch is to minimize total operating costs given the available generators.

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    Power System Analysis: Economic Dispatch

    Uploaded by

    Salman Zafar
    55 views20 pages
    This document summarizes a lecture on economic dispatch in power systems. It discusses how generating electricity from different technologies has varying capital and operating costs. The lecture covers generator cost models including input/output curves, fuel cost curves, heat rate curves and incremental cost curves. It also provides examples of calculating coal usage and costs for a generator, as well as the incremental costs of two generators operating at different outputs. The goal of economic dispatch is to minimize total operating costs given the available generators.

    Original Description:

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    Original Title

    Lecture 15

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    This document summarizes a lecture on economic dispatch in power systems. It discusses how generating electricity from different technologies has varying capital and operating costs. The lecture covers generator cost models including input/output curves, fuel cost curves, heat rate curves and incremental cost curves. It also provides examples of calculating coal usage and costs for a generator, as well as the incremental costs of two generators operating at different outputs. The goal of economic dispatch is to minimize total operating costs given the available generators.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    55 views20 pages

    Power System Analysis: Economic Dispatch

    Uploaded by

    Salman Zafar
    This document summarizes a lecture on economic dispatch in power systems. It discusses how generating electricity from different technologies has varying capital and operating costs. The lecture covers generator cost models including input/output curves, fuel cost curves, heat rate curves and incremental cost curves. It also provides examples of calculating coal usage and costs for a generator, as well as the incremental costs of two generators operating at different outputs. The goal of economic dispatch is to minimize total operating costs given the available generators.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 20

    EE 369

    POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS


    Lecture 15
    Economic Dispatch
    Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick

    Announcements
    Read Chapter 12, concentrating on
    sections 12.4 and 12.5.
    Read Chapter 7.
    Homework 12 is 6.43, 6.48, 6.59, 6.61,
    12.19, 12.22, 12.20, 12.24, 12.26,
    12.28, 12.29; due Tuesday Nov. 25.
    Homework 13 is 12.21, 12.25, 12.27,
    7.1, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.9, 7.12, 7.16;
    due Thursday, December 4.
    2

    Retail Electricity Prices


    There are many fixed and variable
    costs associated with power systems,
    which ultimately contribute to
    determining retail electricity prices.
    The major variable operating cost is
    associated with generation, primarily
    due to fuel costs:
    Roughly half of retail costs.
    3

    Generation,
    operating costs plus paying off
    Technology
    $/MWh (2007 Dollars)
    capital.
    (IOU)
    Advanced Nuclear
    Wind Class 5

    104
    67

    Solar Photovoltaic

    686

    Solar Concentrating

    434

    Solar Parabolic Trough

    281

    Ocean Wave (Pilot)

    838

    Small Scale Hydro

    118

    Geothermal
    63
    Keep in mind these numbers involve LOTs of assumptions
    that can drastically affect the value, and that many
    technology costs are site dependent.
    Source: California Energy Commission:
    http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/electricity/levelized_costs.html

    Power System Economic


    Operation
    Different generation technologies vary in
    the:
    capital costs necessary to build the generator
    fuel costs to actually produce electric power

    For example:
    nuclear and hydro have high capital costs
    and low operating costs.
    Natural gas generators have low capital
    costs, and higher operating costs.
    5

    Power System Economic


    Operation
    Fuel cost to generate a MWh can vary widely
    from technology to technology.
    For some types of units, such as hydro,
    fuel costs are zero but the limit on total
    available water gives it an implicit value.
    For thermal units it is much easier to
    characterize costs.
    We will focus on minimizing the variable
    operating costs (primarily fuel costs) to
    meet demand.
    6

    Power System Economic


    Operation
    Power system loads are cyclical.
    Therefore the installed generation capacity is
    usually much greater than the current load.
    This means that there are typically many
    ways we could meet the current load.
    Since different states have different mixes of
    generation, we will consider how generally to
    minimize the variable operating costs given
    an arbitrary, specified portfolio of generators.

    Thermal versus Hydro


    The two mainGeneration
    types of generating units are

    thermal and hydro, with wind and solar rapidly


    growing.
    For hydro the fuel (water) is free but there may
    be many constraints on operation:
    fixed amounts of water available,
    reservoir levels must be managed and coordinated,
    downstream flow rates for fish and navigation.

    Hydro optimization is typically longer term


    (many months or years).
    We will concentrate on thermal units and some
    wind, looking at short-term optimization.
    8

    Generator types
    Traditionally utilities have had three broad groups of
    generators:
    Baseload units: large coal/nuclear; almost always on at max.
    Midload, intermediate, or cycling units: smaller coal or gas
    that cycle on/off daily or weekly.
    Peaker units: combustion turbines used only for several hours.
    during periods of high demand

    Block Diagram of Thermal


    Unit

    To optimize generation costs we need to


    develop cost relationships between net
    power out and operating costs.
    Between 2-10% of power is used within
    the generating plant; this is known as the

    10

    Thermal generator Cost


    Curves
    Thermal generator
    costs are typically
    represented by one or other of the following
    four curves

    input/output (I/O) curve


    fuel-cost curve
    heat-rate curve
    incremental cost curve

    For reference
    - 1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 1054 J
    - 1 MBtu = 1x106 Btu
    - 1 MBtu = 0.29 MWh
    11

    I/O Curve
    The IO curve plots fuel input (in
    MBtu/hr) versus net MW output.

    12

    Fuel-cost Curve
    The fuel-cost curve is the I/O curve
    multiplied by fuel cost.
    A typical cost for coal is $ 1.70/MBtu.

    13

    Heat-rate Curve

    Plots the average number of MBtu/hr of fuel


    input needed per MW of output.
    Heat-rate curve is the I/O curve divided by MW.
    Best heat-rate for most efficient coal
    units is around 9.0

    14

    Incremental (Marginal) cost


    Curve
    Plots the incremental $/MWh as a function of MW.
    Found by differentiating the cost curve.

    15

    Mathematical Formulation of
    Generator cost Costs
    curves are usually not
    smooth. However the curves can usually be
    adequately approximated using piece-wise
    smooth, functions.
    Two approximations predominate:
    quadratic or cubic functions
    piecewise linear functions

    We'll assume a quadratic approximation:

    Ci ( PGi ) i i PGi i PGi2 $/hr (fuel-cost)


    dCi ( PGi )
    ICi ( PGi )
    i 2 i PGi
    dPGi

    $/MWh
    16

    Coal Usage Example


    A 500 MW (net) generator is 35% efficient. It is
    being supplied with coal costing $1.70 per
    MBtu and with heat content 9000 Btu per
    pound. What is the coal usage in lbs/hr? What
    is the cost?

    At 35% efficiency required fuel input per hour is


    500 MWh 1428 MWh
    1 MBtu
    4924 MBtu

    hr 0.35
    hr
    0.29 MWh
    hr
    4924 MBtu
    1 lb
    547,111 lbs

    hr
    0.009MBtu
    hr
    4924 MBtu $1.70
    Cost =

    8370.8 $/hr or $16.74/MWh


    17
    hr
    MBtu

    Wasting Coal Example


    Assume a 100W lamp is left on by mistake
    for 8 hours, and that the electricity is
    supplied by the previous coal plant and
    that transmission/distribution losses are
    20%. How much coal has he/she wasted?

    With 20% losses, a 100W load on for 8 hrs requires


    1 kWh of energy. With 35% gen. efficiency this requires
    1 kWh 1 MWh
    1 MBtu
    1 lb

    1.09 lb
    0.35 1000 kWh 0.29 MWh 0.009MBtu
    18

    Incremental Cost Example


    For a two generator system assume
    C1 ( PG1 ) 1000 20 PG1 0.01PG21 $/hr
    C2 ( PG 2 ) 400 15 PG 2 0.03PG22 $/hr
    Then
    dC1 ( PG1 )
    IC1 ( PG1 )
    20 0.02 PG1 $/MWh
    dPG1
    dC2 ( PG 2 )
    IC2 ( PG 2 )
    15 0.06 PG 2 $/MWh
    dPG 2
    19

    Incremental Cost Example,


    cont'd
    If PG1 250 MW and PG 2 150 MW Then

    C1 (250) 1000 20 250 0.01 2502 $ 6625/hr


    C2 (150) 400 15 150 0.03 1502

    $6025/hr

    Then
    IC1 (250) 20 0.02 250 $ 25/MWh
    IC2 (150) 15 0.06 150 $ 24/MWh

    20

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