Revision on MATLAB &
Image Processing with
MATLAB
Outline
Matrices in MATLAB
Basic Operations on Matrices
Variable Name in Matlab
Logical Operators
Flow Control
Scripts and Functions
Visualization and Graphics
Saving your Work
What is the Image Processing ? ........
Matrices in MATLAB
Matrix is the main MATLAB data type
How to build a matrix?
A=[1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];
Creates matrix A of size 3 x 3
Special matrices:
zeros(n,m), ones(n,m), eye(n,m),
rand(), randn()
Basic Operations on Matrices
All operators in MATLAB are defined on
matrices: +, -, *, /, ^, sqrt,
sin, cos, etc.
Element-wise operators defined with a
preceding dot: .*, ./, .^
size(A) size vector
sum(A) columns sums vector
sum(sum(A)) sum of all the elements
Variable Name in Matlab
Variable naming rules
- must be unique in the first 63 characters
- must begin with a letter
- may not contain blank spaces or other types of punctuation
- may contain any combination of letters, digits, and
underscores
- are case-sensitive
- should not use Matlab keyword
Pre-defined variable names
pi
Logical Operators
==, <, >, (not equal) ~=, (not) ~
find(condition) Returns indexes
of As elements that satisfy the condition
Logical Operators (cont.)
Example:
>>A=[7 3 5; 6 2 1], Idx=find(A<4)
A=
7 3 5
6 2 1
Idx=
3
4
6
Flow Control
MATLAB has five flow control constructs:
if statement
switch statement
for loop
while loop
break statement
if
IF statement condition
The general form of the IF statement is
IF expression
statements
ELSEIF expression
statements
ELSE
statements
END
switch
SWITCH Switch among several cases based
on expression
The general form of SWITCH statement is:
SWITCH switch_expr
CASE case_expr,
statement, , statement
CASE {case_expr1, case_expr2, case_expr3, }
statement, , statement
OTHERWISE
statement, , statement
END
switch (cont.)
Note:
Only the statements between the matching
CASE and the next CASE, OTHERWISE, or END
are executed
Unlike C, the SWITCH statement does not fall
through (so BREAKs are unnecessary)
for
FOR repeats statements a specific
number of times
The general form of a FOR statement is:
FOR variable=expr
statements
END
while
WHILE repeats statements an indefinite
number of times
The general form of a WHILE statement
is:
WHILE expression
statements
END
CODE
Scripts and Functions
There are two kinds of M-files:
Scripts, which do not accept input arguments
or return output arguments. They operate on
data in the workspace
Functions, which can accept input arguments
and return output arguments. Internal
variables are local to the function
Functions in MATLAB (cont.)
Example:
A file called STAT.M:
function [mean, stdev]=stat(x)
%STAT Interesting statistics.
n=length(x);
mean=sum(x)/n;
stdev=sqrt(sum((x-mean).^2)/n);
Defines a new function called STAT that calculates
the mean and standard deviation of a vector. Function
name and file name should be the SAME!
CODE
Visualization and Graphics
plot(x,y),plot(x,sin(x)) plot 1D function
figure, figure(k) open a new figure
hold on, hold off refreshing
axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]) change axes
title(figure titile) add title to figure
subplot(3,1,2) locate several plots in figure
- CODE and Debug CODE
Saving your Work
save mysession
% creates mysession.mat with all variables
save mysession a b
% save only variables a and b
clear all
% clear all variables
clear a b
% clear variables a and b
load mysession
% load session
Image
Processing?
What is Image Processing?
Photo stitching
Color boost
Image processing is the collective name for techniques
used to extract information from digital images or to
manipulate them to render variations of the input image.
Vehicle detection and
tracking
What is Image Processing?
Popular technologies which make use of the camera as a
sensor
The Wii Remote uses
an IR camera to
sense its location
relative to the Wii
The Kinect uses image processing
techniques on depth images to
detect and track locations of multiple
persons in the field of view.
Pixels
Pixel
A pixel (abbr. for picture element) is the smallest unit of
an image.
Therefore, a 640x480 image is a matrix of 640 columns
and 480 rows, each element of this matrix is called an
image pixel.
MATLAB Image Coordinates
MATLAB stores images as matrices.
In MATLAB, image pixels are referenced using (row, col)
values.
Origin of the coordinate system (1,1) is the top left corner
of the image
(1,1)
img
Thus, img(4,3) refers
to the pixel at the 4th
row and 3rd column.
RGB and Grayscale
In RGB format, each Pixel has 3 color components: Red,
Green, and Blue.
Other color representations, e.g. HSV, YUV, CMYK, are
also used. Transformations from RGB to these color
spaces and back are defined in MATLAB.
If only intensity (bright/dark) variations are considered,
the resultant image is called a grayscale image. Each
pixel has only 1 component: intensity.
RGB
Gray
Examples 1
Blending two images
Examples 2
Sobel descriptor to detect object edge
Binary Image
Greyscale Image
Color Image
Addition
Image:
I
Image:
I+50
Subtraction
Image:
I
Image: I80
Multiplication
Image:
I
Image: I*3
Division
Image:
I
Image: I/2
Complement
Image:
I
Image:
255-I
Loading and displaying
images
>> I=imread('mandrill.bmp','bmp');
Matrix with
image data
image
filename as a
string
>> image(I) % display image
% load image
image
format as a
string
Representation of Images
Images are just an array of numbers
>> I % ctrl+c to halt output!
Intensity of each pixel is represented by the pixel
elements value in the red, green and blue matrices
>> I(1,1,:) % RGB values of element (1,1)
ans(:,:,1) =
Red
Images where the pixel value in the
135
image represents the intensity of the pixel
ans(:,:,2) =
are called intensity images.
Green
97
ans(:,:,3) =
Blue
33
Histograms
Frequency of the intensity values of the
image
Quantise frequency into intervals (called bins)
(Un-normalised) probability density function of
image intensities
