CHAPTER 10
8051 SERIAL COMMUNICATION
SECTIONS
10.1 Basics of serial communication
10.2 8051 connection to RS232
10.3 8051 serial communication programming
SECTION 10.1
BASICS OF SERIAL
COMMUNICATION
8051 AND PC
The 8051 module connects to PC by using RS232.
RS232 is a protocol which supports half-duplex,
synchronous/asynchronous, serial communication.
We discuss these terms in following sections.
RS232
PC
COM 1 port
8051
MAX232
UART
SIMPLEX VS. DUPLEX TRANSMISSION
Simplex transmission: the data can sent in one direction.
Example: the computer only sends data to the printer.
Duplex transmission: the data can be transmitted and receive
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
5
HALF VS. FULL DUPLEX
Half duplex: if the data is transmitted one way at a time.
Full duplex: if the data can go both ways at the same time.
Two wire conductors for the data lines.
Transmitter
Receiver
Receiver
Transmitter
Transmitter
Receiver
Receiver
Transmitter
FIGURE 10-2. SIMPLEX, HALF-, AND FULLDUPLEX TRANSFERS
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
Transmitter
Receiver
Receiver
Transmitter
Transmitter
Receiver
Receiver
Transmitter
7
PARALLEL VS. SERIAL
Computers transfer data in two ways:
Parallel
data is sent a byte or more a time (fast)
Only short distance between two systems
The 8-bit data path is expensive
Example: printer, hard disks
Serial
The data is sent one bit at a time (slow)
Long distance (rarely distortion)
cheap
The data can be transferred on the telephone line (by using
modem.)
FIGURE 10-1. SERIAL VERSUS PARALLEL
DATA TRANSFER (1/2)
Serial Transfer
Sender
Receiver
Parallel Transfer
Sender
D0
Receiver
D7
FIGURE 10-1. SERIAL VERSUS PARALLEL
DATA TRANSFER (2/2)
Serial Transfer
Sender
D0
Receiver
Parallel Transfer
Sender
D0-D7
Receiver
Other control lines
Other control lines
10
SERIAL COMMUNICATION
How to transfer data?
Sender:
The byte of data must be converted to serial bits using a parallel-inserial-out shift register.
The bit is transmitted over a single data line.
Receiver
The receiver must be a serial-in-parallel-out shift register to receive
the serial data and pack them into a byte.
register
parallel-in
serial-out
11101000001011
1
register
serial-in
parallel-out
8-bit
character
11
ASYNCHRONOUS VS. SYNCHRONOUS
Serial communication uses two methods:
In synchronous communication, data is sent in blocks of bytes.
In asynchronous communication, data is sent in bytes.
byte byte byte byte
preamble
sender
byte
sender
01011111 01010101
byte
receiver
byte
stop bit
start bit receiver
12
UART & USART
It is possible to write software to use both methods, but the
programs can be tedious and long.
Special IC chips are made for serial communication:
USART (universal synchronous-asynchronous receiver-transmitter)
UART (universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter)
The 8051 chip has a built-in UART.
13
8051 SERIAL COMMUNICATION
The 8051 has serial communication capability built into it.
Half-duplex
Asynchronous mode only.
How to detect that a character is sent via the line in the
asynchronous mode?
Answer: Data framing!
14
FRAMING (1/3)
Each character is placed in between start and stop bits. This is
called framing.
Figure 10-3. Framing ASCII A (41H)
Time (D0 first)
mark
stop
bit
goes out last D7
start
mark
bit
D0 goes out last
15
FRAMING (2/3)
The LSB is sent out first.
The start bit is 0 (low) and always one bit.
The stop bits is 1 (high).
The stop bit can be one (if 8 bits used in ASCII) or two bits (if 7
bits used in ASCII).
In asynchronous serial communication, peripheral chips and modems
can be programmed for data that is 7 or 8 bits.
When there is no transfer, the signal is 1 (high), which is
referred to as mask.
16
FRAMING (3/3)
We have a total of 10 bits for each character:
8-bits for the ASCII code
2-bits for the start and stop bits
25% overhead
In some systems in order to maintain data integrity, the parity
bit is included in the data frame.
In an odd-parity bit system the total number of bits, including the
parity bit, is odd.
UART chips allow programming of the parity bit for odd-, even-, and
no-parity options.
17
DATA TRANSFER RATE (1/2)
How fast is the data transferred?
Three methods to describe the speed:
Baud rate is defined as the number of signal changes per second.
The rate of data transfer is stated in Hz (used in modem).
Date rate is defined as the number of bits transferred per second.
Each signal has several voltage levels.
The rate of data transfer is stated in bps (bits per second).
Effective data rate is defined as the number of actual data bits
transferred per second.
Redundant bits must be removed
18
DATA TRANSFER RATE (2/2)
The data transfer rate depends on communication ports
incorporated into that system.
Ex: 100-9600 bps in the early IBM PC/XT
Ex: 56K bps in Pentium-based PC
The baud rate is generally limited to 100kHz.
19
EXAMPLE OF DATA TRANSFER RATE (1/2)
Data is sent in the following asynchronous mode:
2400 baud rate
each signal has 4 voltage levels (-5V, -3V, 3V, 5V)
one start bit, 8-bit data, 2 stop bits
Time (D0 first)
stop stop
mark
bit bit
00
11
10
01
10
00
8-bit character
11
11
start
mark
bit
20
EXAMPLE OF DATA TRANSFER RATE (2/2)
2400 baud = 2400 signals per second =2400 Hz
4 voltage level: Log24=2
2 bits is sent in every signal change
Data rate = 2 * 2400 Hz = 4800 bps
Effective ratio = 8 / (1+8+2) =8/11
Effective data rate = data rate * effective ratio = 4800 * 8 /
11=3490.9
21
RS232 STANDARD
RS232 is an interfacing standard which is set by the Electronics
Industries Association (EIA) in 1960.
RS232 is the most widely used serial I/O interfacing standard.
RS232A (1963), RS232B (1965) and RS232C (1969), now is RS232E
Define the voltage level, pin functionality, baud rate, signal
meaning, communication distance.
22
RS232 VOLTAGE LEVEL
The input and output voltage of RS232 is not of
the TTL compatible.
RS232 is older than TTL.
We must use voltage converter (also referred to
as line driver) such as MAX232 to convert the
TTL logic levels to the RS232 voltage level,
and vice versa.
MAX232, TSC232, ICL232
RS 232 Voltage
25V
logic 0
3V
-3V
undefined
logic 1
-25V
23
MAX232
MAX232 IC chips are commonly referred to as line drivers.
RS232
PC
COM 1 port
TTL voltage
level
8051
MAX232
RS232 voltage
level
UART
TTL voltage
level
24
RS232 PINS
Figure 10-4 shows the RS232 connector DB-25.
Table 10-1 shows the pins and their labels for the RS232 cable.
DB-25P : plug connector (male)
DB-25S: socket connector (female)
Figure 10-5 shows DB9 connector and Table 10-2 shows the
signals.
IBM version for PC.
All the RS 232 pin function definitions of Tables 10-1 and 10-2
are from the DTE point of view.
25
FIGURE 10-4. RS232 CONNECTOR DB-25
14
13
25
26
TABLE 10-1: RS232 PINS (DB-25) FOR DTE
(1/2) Pin Description
1
Protective ground
Transmitted data (TxD)
Received data (RxD)
Request to send (RTS)
Clear to send (CTS)
Data set ready (DSR)
Signal ground (GND)
Data carrier detect (DCD)
9/10
Reserved for data testing
11
Unassigned
12
Secondary data carrier detect
13
Secondary clear to send
27
TABLE 10-1: RS232 PINS (DB-25) FOR DTE
(2/2) Pin Description
14
Secondary transmitted data
15
Transmit signal element timing
16
Secondary received data
17
Receive signal element timing
18
Unassigned
19
Secondary request to sent
20
Data terminal ready (DTR)
21
Signal quality detector
22
Ring indicator
23
Data signal rate select
24
Transmit signal element timing
25
Unassigned
28
FIGURE 10-5. DB-9 9-PIN CONNECTOR
29
TABLE 10-2: IBM PC DB-9 SIGNALS FOR
DTE
Pin
Description
Data carrier detect (DCD)
Received data (RxD)
Transmitted data (TxD)
Data terminal ready (DTR)
Signal ground (GND)
Data set ready (DSR)
Request to send (RTS)
Clear to send (CTS)
Ring indicator (RI)
30
RS232 HANDSHAKING SIGNALS
Many of the pins of the RS232 connector are used for
handshaking signals.
DTR (data terminal ready)
DSR (data set ready)
RTS (request to send)
CTS (clear to send)
RTS and CTS are hardware control flow signals.
DCD (carrier detect, or data carrier detect)
RI (ring indicator)
They are not supported by the 8051 UART chips.
31
COMMUNICATION FLOW (1/2)
PC (DTE)
RI
DCD
modem
(DCE)
Telephone is ringing
Connection between two
modems is set
PC is ready
DTR
DSR
RTS
modem is ready
PC wants to sent data
modem is ready to receive
transmit data
CTS
TxD, RxD
32
COMMUNICATION FLOW (2/2)
While signals DTR and DSR are used by the PC and modem,
respectively, to indicate that they are alive and well.
TRS and CTS control the flow of data.
When the PC wants to send data, it asserts RTS.
If the modem is ready (has room) to accept the data, it sends back
CTS.
If, for lack of room, the modem does not activate CTS, and PC will
deassert DTR and try again.
33
DTE AND DCE
Communication Equipments are classified as
DTE (data terminal equipment)
Terminals and computers that send and receive data
DCE (data communication equipment)
Communication equipment (only for transfer data)
Ex: modem
DTE view DCE view
DTE
TxD
RxD
RxD
TxD
PC GND
Com1
DCE
DCE
GND
modem
Telephone
Line
DTE
RxD
TxD
TxD
RxD
GND
modem
GND
PC Com1
34
IBM PC/COMPATIBLE COM PORTS
IBM PC has 2 COM ports.
Both COM ports have RS232-type connectors.
For mouse, modem
We can connect the 8051 serial port to the COM port of a PC for
serial communication experiments.
DTE view
RS232
DTE view
PC
COM 1 port
8051
MAX232
UART
35
NULL MODEM CONNECTION
The simplest connection between a PC and microcontroller
requires a minimum of three pins, TxD, RxD, and GND.
Figure 10-6 shows null modem connection
DTE
DTE
DTE
DTE
TxD
TxD
TxD
TxD
RxD
RxD
RxD
RxD
PC
Com1
ground
8051-based
board
PC
Com1
ground
PC
Com1
36
RS422 & RS485
By using RS232, the limit distance between two PCs is about
15m.
It works well even the distance=30m.
If you want to transfer data with long distance (ex: 300m), you
can use RS422 or RS485.
37
SECTION 10.2
8051 CONNECTION TO RS232
38
TXD AND RXD PINS IN THE 8051
In 8051, the data is received from or transmitted to
RxD: received data (Pin 10, P3.0)
TxD: transmitted data (Pin 11, P3.1)
TxD and RxD of the 8051 are TTL compatible.
The 8051 requires a line driver to make them RS232
compatible.
One such line driver is the MAX232 chip.
39
FIGURE 4-1. 8051 PIN DIAGRAM
PDIP/Cerdip
data transfer
start/stop
input event
P1.0
P1.1
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
RST
(RXD)P3.0
(TXD)P3.1
(INT0)P3.2
(INT1)P3.3
(T0)P3.4
(T1)P3.5
(WR)P3.6
(RD)P3.7
XTAL2
XTAL1
GND
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
8051
(8031)
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
Vcc
P0.0(AD0
)P0.1(AD1)
P0.2(AD2
)P0.3(AD3)
P0.4(AD4)
P0.5(AD5)
P0.6(AD6)
P0.7(AD7)
EA/VPP
ALE/PROG
PSEN
P2.7(A15)
P2.6(A14)
P2.5(A13)
P2.4(A12)
P2.3(A11)
P2.2(A10)
P2.1(A9)
P2.0(A8)
40
MAX232 (1/2)
MAX232 chip converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage
levels, and vice versa.
MAX232 uses a +5V power source which is the same as the source
voltage for the 8051.
8051
MAX232
11
11
P3.0 10
RxD
12
P3.1
TxD
14
2 5
13
DB-9
41
MAX232 (2/2)
MAX232 has two sets of line drivers.
Figure 10.7 shows the inside of MAX232.
MAX232 requires four capacitors ranging from 1 to 22 F. The most
widely used value for these capacitors is 22F.
MAX233 performs the same job as the MAX232 but eliminates
the need for capacitors.
Note that MAX233 and MAX232 are not pin compatible.
Figure 10.8 (a) shows the inside of MAX233
Figure 10.8 (b) shows the connection to the 8051
42
FIGURE 10-7 (A): INSIDE MAX232
Vcc
+
C1
+
C2
11
12
10
9
TTL side
1
3
4
16
MAX232
5
T1IN
R1OUT
T1OUT
R1IN
T2IN
R2OUT
T2OUT
R2IN
15
C3
+
C4
+
14
13
7
8
RS232 side
43
FIGURE 10-7: (B) MAX232S CONNECTION
TO THE 8051 (NULL MODEM)
8051
MAX232
P3.1 11
TxD
11
P3.0 10
RxD
12
14
2 5
13
DB-9
TTL-compatible
RS232-compatible
44
FIGURE 10-8: (A) INSIDE MAX233
Vcc
13
14
12
17
2
3
1
20
TTL side
MAX233
11
15
16
10
T1IN
R1OUT
T1OUT
R1IN
T2IN
R2OUT
T2OUT
R2IN
5
4
18
19
RS232 side
45
FIGURE 10-8: (B) MAX233S CONNECTION
TO THE 8051 (NULL MODEM)
8051
MAX233
P3.1 11
TxD
P3.0 10
RxD
TTL-compatible
2 5
DB-9
RS232-compatible
46
SECTION 10.3
8051 SERIAL COMMUNICATION
PROGRAMMING
47
PC BAUD RATES
110 bps
PC supports several baud rates.
You can use netterm,
terminal.exe, stty, ptty to
send/receive data.
Hyperterminal supports baud
rates much higher than the
ones list in the Table.
150
300
600
1200
2400
4800
9600 (default)
19200
Note: Baud rates supported by
486/Pentium IBM PC BIOS.
48
BAUD RATES IN THE 8051 (1/2)
The 8051 transfers and receives data serially at many different
baud rates by using UART.
UART divides the machine cycle frequency by 32 and sends it to
Timer 1 to set the baud rate.
Signal change for each roll over of timer 1
11.0592 MHz
XTAL
oscillator
12
Machine cycle
frequency
921.6 kHz
32
28800 Hz
By UART To timer 1
To set the
Baud rate
Timer 1
49
BAUD RATES IN THE 8051
Timer 1, mode 2 (8-bit, auto-reload)
Define TH1 to set the baud rate.
XTAL = 11.0592 MHz
The system frequency = 11.0592 MHz / 12 = 921.6 kHz
Timer 1 has 921.6 kHz/ 32 = 28,800 Hz as source.
TH1=FDH means that UART sends a bit every 3 timer source.
Baud rate = 28,800/3= 9,600 Hz
50
EXAMPLE 10-1 (1)
With XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, find the TH1 value needed to have the
following baud rates. (a) 9600 (b) 2400 (c) 1200
Solution:
With XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, we have:
The frequency of system clock = 11.0592 MHz / 12 = 921.6 kHz
The frequency sent to timer 1 = 921.6 kHz/ 32 = 28,800 Hz
(a) 28,800 / 3 = 9600
where -3 = FD (hex) is loaded into TH1
(b) 28,800 / 12 = 2400 where -12 = F4 (hex) is loaded into TH1
(c) 28,800 / 24 = 1200 where -24 = E8 (hex) is loaded into TH1
Notice that dividing 1/12th of the crystal frequency by 32 is the
default value upon activation of the 8051 RESET pin.
51
TABLE 10-4: TIMER 1 TH1 REGISTER
VALUES FOR VARIOUS BAUD RATES
Baud Rate
TH1 (Decimal)
TH1 (Hex)
9600
-3
FD
4800
-6
FA
2400
-12
F4
1200
-24
E8
Note: XTAL = 11.0592 MHz.
52
REGISTERS USED IN SERIAL TRANSFER
CIRCUIT
SUBF (Serial data buffer)
SCON (Serial control register)
PCON (Power control register)
You can see Appendix H (pages 416-417) for details.
PC has several registers to control COM1, COM2.
53
SBUF REGISTER
Serial data register: SBUF
MOV SBUF,#A ;put char A to transmit
MOV SBUF,A
;send data from A
MOV A,SUBF
;receive and copy to A
An 8-bit register
Set the usage mode for two timers
For a byte of data to be transferred via the TxD line, it must be
placed in the SBUF.
SBUF holds the byte of data when it is received by the 8051;s RxD
line.
Not bit-addressable
54
SCON REGISTER
Serial control register: SCON
SM0, SM1 Serial port mode specifier
REN
(Receive enable) set/cleared by software to
enable/disable reception.
TI
Transmit interrupt flag.
RI
Receive interrupt flag.
SM2 = TB8 = TB8 =0 (not widely used)
(MSB
)SM0 SM1 SM2 REN
TB8 RB8
TI
(LSB
) RI
* SCON is bit-addressable.
55
SM0, SM1
SM1 and SM0 determine the framing of data.
SCON.6 (SM1) and SCON.7 (SM0)
Only mode 1 is compatible with COM port of IBM PC.
See Appendix A.3.
SM1 SM0
Mode
Operating Mode
Baud Rate
Shift register
Fosc./12
8-bit UART
Variable by timer1
9-bit UART
Fosc./64 or Fosc./32
9-bit UART
Variable
56
SM2
SCON.5
SM2 enables the multiprocessor communication for mode 2 &
3.
We make it 0 since we are not using the 8051 in a
multiprocessor environment.
SM2=0 : Single processor environment
SM2=1 : multiprocessor environment
57
REN (RECEIVE ENABLE)
SCON.4
Set/cleared by software to enable/disable reception.
REN=1
It enable the 8051 to receive data on the RxD pin of the 8051.
If we want the 8051 to both transfer and receive data, REN must be
set to 1.
SETB SCON.4
REN=0
The receiver is disabled.
The 8051 can not receive data.
CLR SCON.4
58
TB8 (TRANSFER BIT 8)
SCON.3
TB8 is used for serial modes 2 and 3.
The 9th bit that will be transmitted in mode 2 & 3.
Set/Cleared by software.
59
RB8 (RECEIVE BIT 8)
SCON.2
In serial mode 1, RB8 gets a copy of the stop bit when an 8-bit
data is received.
60
TI (TRANSMIT INTERRUPT FLAG)
SCON.1
When the 8051 finishes the transfer of the 8-bit character, it
raises the TI flag.
TI is raised by hardware at the beginning of the stop bit in
mode 1.
Must be cleared by software.
61
RI (RECEIVE INTERRUPT)
SCON.0
Receive interrupt flag. Set by hardware halfway through the
stop bit time in mode 1. Must be cleared by software.
When the 8051 receives data serially via RxD, it gets rid of the
start and stop bits and place the byte in the SBUF register.
Then 8051 rises RI to indicate that a byte.
RI is raised at the beginning of the stop bit.
62
FIGURE 10-9. SCON SERIAL PORT
CONTROL REGISTER (BIT ADDRESSABLE)
SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8
TI
RI
SM0
SCON.7
Serial port mode specifier
SM1
SCON.6
Serial port mode specifier
SM2
SCON.5
Used for multiprocessor communication. (Make it 0)
REN
SCON.4
Set/cleared by software to enable/disable reception.
TB8
SCON.3
Not widely used.
RB8
SCON.2
Not widely used.
TI
SCON.1
Transmit interrupt flag. Set by hardware at the beginning of
the stop bit in mode 1. Must be cleared by software.
RI
SCON.0
Receive interrupt flag. Set by hardware halfway through the
stop bit time in mode 1. Must be cleared by software.
Note: Make SM2, TB8, and RB8 = 0.
63
TRANSFER DATA WITH THE TI FLAG (1/2)
The following sequence is the steps that the 8051 goes through
in transmitting a character via TxD:
1. The byte character to be transmitted is written into the SBUF
register.
2. It transfers the start bit.
3. The 8-bit character is transferred one bit at a time.
4. The stop bit is transferred.
8-bit char
TI
SBUF
UART
bit by bit
TxD
64
TRANSFER DATA WITH THE TI FLAG (2/2)
Sequence continuous:
5. During the transfer of the stop bit, the 8051 raises the TI flag,
indicating that the last character was transmitted and it is ready to
transfer the next character.
6. By monitoring the TI flag, we know whether or not the 8051 is
ready to transfer another byte.
We will not overloading the SBUF register.
If we write another byte into the SBUF before TI is raised, the
untransmitted portion of the previous byte will be lost.
We can use interrupt to transfer data in Chapter 11.
7. After SBUF is loaded with a new byte, the TI flag bit must be
cleared by the programmer.
65
PROGRAMMING THE 8051 TO TRANSFER
DATA
SERIALLY (1/2)
1.
Use the timer 1 in mode 2
MOV TMOD,#20H
2.
Set the value TH1 to chose baud rate. Look at the Table
10-4.
MOV TH1,#FDH
;Baud rate = 9600bps
3.
Set SCON register in mode 1.
MOV SCON,#50H
4.
Start the timer.
SETB TR1
66
PROGRAMMING THE 8051 TO TRANSFER
DATA
SERIALLY (2/2)
5.
Clear TI flag.
raise when
sending into
the stop
The character byte to be transferred serially is written
bit
the SBUF register.
TI=0
MOV SBUF,#A
transfer data
6.
7.
8.
CLR TI
Keep monitoring the Transmit Interrupt (TI) to see if it is
raised.
HERE: JNB TI, HERE
To transfer the next character, go to Step 5.
67
EXAMPLE 10-2
Write a program for the 8051 to transfer letter A
serially at 4800
baud, continuously.
Solution:
MOV
TMOD,#20H
;timer 1, mode 2
MOV
TH1,#-6
;4800 baud rate
MOV
SCON,#50H
;8-bit,1 stop,REN enabled
SETB TR1
;start timer 1
AGAIN: MOV
SBUF,#A
;letter A to be transferred
HERE:
JNB
TI,HERE
;wait for the last bit
CLR
TI
;clear TI for next char
SJMP AGAIN
;keep sending A
68
EXAMPLE 10-3 (1/2)
Write a program to transfer the message YES
serially at 9600
baud, 8-bit data, 1 stop bit. Do this continuously.
Solution:
MOV
TMOD,#20H ;timer 1, mode 2
MOV
TH1,#-3
MOV
SCON,#50H
;9600 baud
SETB TR1
AGAIN:MOV
A,#Y
;transfer Y
ACALL TRANS
MOV
A,#E
;transfer E
ACALL TRANS
MOV
A,#S
;transfer S
ACALL TRANS
SJMP AGAIN
;keep doing it
69
EXAMPLE 10-3 (2/2)
;serial data transfer subroutine
TRANS:MOV
SBUF,A
HERE: JNB TI,HERE
transfer
CLR
TI
;load SBUF
;wait for last bit to
;get ready for next byte
RET
70
RECEIVE DATA WITH THE RI FLAG (1/2)
The following sequence is the steps that the 8051 goes through
in receiving a character via RxD:
1. 8051 receives the start bit indicating that the next bit is the
first bit of the character to be received.
2. The 8-bit character is received one bit at a time.When the
last bit is received, a byte is formed and placed in SBUF.
RxD
bit by bit
UART
SBUF
RI
8-bit
character
71
RECEIVE DATA WITH THE TI FLAG (2/2)
Sequence continuous:
3. The stop bit is received. During receiving the stop bit, the 8051
make RI=1, indicating that an entire character was been received
and must be picked up before it gets overwritten by an
incoming character.
4. By monitoring the RI flag, we know whether or not the 8051 has
received a character byte.
If we fail to copy SBUF into a safe place, we risk the loss of the
received byte.
We can use interrupt to transfer data in Chapter 11.
5. After SBUF is copied into a safe place, the RI flag bit must be
cleared by the programmer.
72
PROGRAMMING THE 8051 TO RECEIVE
DATA
SERIALLY (1/2)
1.
Use the timer 1 in mode 2
MOV TMOD,#20H
2.
Set the value TH1 to chose baud rate. Look at the Table
10-4.
MOV TH1,#FDH
;Baud rate = 28800bps
3.
Set SCON register in mode 1.
MOV SCON,#50H
4.
Start the timer.
SETB TR1
73
PROGRAMMING THE 8051 TO RECEIVE
DATA
SERIALLY (2/2)
5.
Clear RI flag.
raise when getting
theifstop
Keep monitoring the Receive Interrupt (RI) to see
it isbit
6.
CLR RI
raised.
HERE:
7.
8.
JNB RI, HERE
RI=0
receive data
When RI is raised, SBUF has the whole byte. Move the
content of SBUF to a safe place.
MOV A,SBUF
To receive the next character, go to Step 5.
74
EXAMPLE 10-4
Program the 8051 to receive bytes of data serially, and
put them in
P1. Set the baud rate at 4800, 8-bit data, and 1 stop bit.
Solution:
MOV
TMOD,#20H ;timer1, mode 2 (auto reload)
MOV
TH1,#-6
MOV
SCON,#50H ;8-bit, 1 stop, REN enabled
SETB TR1
;4800 baud
;start timer 1
RI,HERE
;wait for char to come in
MOV
A,SBUF
;save incoming byte in A
MOV
P1,A
;send to port 1
CLR
RI
;get ready to receive next byte
HERE: JNB
SJMP HERE
;keep getting data
75
EXAMPLE 10-5 (1/4)
Assume that the 8051 serial port is connected to
the COM port of the IBM PC, and on the PC we
are using the terminal.exe program to send
and receive data serially.
P1 and P2 of the 8051 are connected to LEDs and
switches, respectively.
Write an 8051 program to
(a) send to the PC the message We Are Ready,
(b)
receive any data sent by the PC and
put it on LEDs connected to P1, and
(c)
get data on switches connected to P2
and send it to the PC serially.
The program should perform part (a) once, but
parts (b) and (c) continuously.
Use the 4800 baud rate.
76
EXAMPLE 10-5 (2/4)
8051
To
PC
COM
port
TxD
RxD
P1
LED
P2
SW
Solution:
ORG
MOV
P2,#0FFH
MOV
TMOD,#20H
MOV
TH1,#0FAH
MOV
SCON,#50H
;make P2 an input port
;4800 baud rate
SETB TR1
;start timer 1
MOV
;load pointer for message
DPTR,#MYDATA
77
EXAMPLE 10-5 (3/4)
MOV
message
H_1:
CLR
MOVC
JZ
(a)
DPTR,#MYDATA
A
A,@A+DPTR
B_1
;if last character get out
DPTR
SJMP H_1
(b)
;get the character
ACALL SEND
INC
(c)
;load pointer for
B_1:
MOV
A,P2
;next character
;read data on P2
ACALL SEND
;transfer it serially
ACALL RECV
;get the serial data
MOV
;display it on LEDs
P1,A
SJMP B_1
;stay in loop indefinitely
78
EXAMPLE 10-5 (4/4)
;-----------serial data transfer. ACC has the data
SEND:
MOV
SBUF,A
H_2:
JNB
TI,H_2
CLR
TI
;load the data
;stay here until last bit gone
;get ready for next char
RET
;-------------- Receive data serially in ACC
RECV:
JNB
RI,RECV
;wait here for char
MOV
A,SBUF
;save it in ACC
CLR
RI
;get ready for next char
RET
;---------------The message to send
MYDATA:DB
END
We Are Ready,0
79
DOUBLING THE BAUD RATE IN THE 8051
There are two ways to increase the baud rate of data transfer
in the 8051:
1. To use a higher frequency crystal.
It is not feasible in many situations since the system
crystal is fixed.
Many new crystal may not be compatible with the IBM PC
serial COM ports baud rate.
2. To change a bit in the PCON register.
This is a software way by setting SMOD=1.
80
PCON REGISTER
SMOD
Double baud rate. If Timer 1 is used to
generate baud and SMOD=1, the baud
rate is doubled when the Serial Port is
used in modes 1,2,3
GF1,GF0 General purpose flag bit.
PD
Power down bit. Setting this bit
activates Power Down operation in
the 80C51BH. (precedence)
IDL
Idle Mode bit. Setting this bit activates
Idle Mode operation in the 80C51BH.
(MSB
)
SMOD
--
--
--
GF1 GF2
PD
* PCON is not bit-addressable. See Appendix H. p410
(LSB
)IDL
81
SMOD FLAG OF THE PCON REGISTER
Power control register: PCON
MOV A, PCON
SETB ACC.7
MOV PCON,A
;we dont want to modify other bits
An 8-bit register
Not bit-addressable
SCOM=0: default
SCOM=1: double the baud rate
See Table 10-5
82
TABLE 10-5: BAUD RATE COMPARISON
FOR SMOD = 0 AND SMOD =1
TH1 (Decimal)
(Hex)
SMOD = 0
SMOD = 1
-3
FD
9,600
19,200
-6
FA
4,800
9,600
-12
F4
2,400
4,800
-24
E8
1,200
2,400
Note: XTAL = 11.0592 MHz.
11.0592 MHz
XTAL
oscillator
12
SMOD = 1
Machine
To
57600
Hz
16
timer 1
cycle freq.
to set
28800 Hz baud
921.6 kHz
32
rate83
SMOD = 0
BAUD RATES FOR SMOD=0
When SMOD=0, the 8051 divides 1/12 of the crystal frequency
by 32, and uses that frequency for timer 1 to set the baud
rate.
XTAL = 11.0592 MHz
The system frequency = 11.0592 MHz / 12 = 921.6 kHz
Timer 1 has 921.6 kHz/ 32 = 28,800 Hz as source.
TH1=256 - Crystal frequency/(12*32*Baud rate)
Default on reset
See Appendix A, page 363
84
BAUD RATES FOR SMOD=1
When SMOD=0, the 8051 divides 1/12 of the crystal frequency
by 16, and uses that frequency for timer 1 to set the baud
rate.
XTAL = 11.0592 MHz
The system frequency = 11.0592 MHz / 12 = 921.6 kHz
Timer 1 has 921.6 kHz/ 16 = 57,600 Hz as source.
TH1=256 - Crystal frequency/(12*16*Baud rate)
85
EXAMPLE 10-6 (1/2)
Assuming that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz for the following
program,
state (a) what this program does, (b) compute the
frequency used by
timer 1 to set the baud rate, and (c) find the baud rate of
the data
transfer.
Solution:
(a) This program transfers ASCII letter B (01000010 binary)
continuously.
(b) and (c) With XTAL = 11.0592 MHz and SMOD = 1
11.0592 / 12 = 921.6 kHz machine cycle frequency.
921.6 /16 = 57,600 Hz frequency used by timer 1 to set the
baud rate.
57,600 / 3 = 19,200, the baud rate.
86
EXAMPLE 10-6 (2/2)
MOV
A,PCON
SETB ACC.7
;SMOD=1, double baud rate
MOV
PCON,A
MOV
TMOD,#20H ;Timer 1, mode 2,auto reload
MOV
TH1,#-3
MOV
SCON,#50H ;8-bit data,1 stop bit, RI enabled
;19200 baud rate
SETB TR1
;start Timer 1
MOV
A,#B
;transfer letter B
TI
;make sure TI=0
MOV
SBUF,A
;transfer it
H_1:JNB
TI H_1
;check TI
A_1:CLR
SJMP A_1
;do again
87
EXAMPLE 10-7
Find the TH1 value (in both decimal and hex) to set the baud
rate to each of the following: (a) 9600 Hz (b) 4800 Hz if
SMOD =1
Assume that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz.
Solution:
With XTAL = 11.0592 and SMOD = 1,
11.0592 / 12 = 921.6 kHz machine cycle frequency.
921.6 /16 = 57,600 Hz frequency used by the timer 1
(a) 57,600 / 9600 = 6 TH1 = -6 or TH1 = FAH.
(b) 57,600 / 4800 = 12 TH1 = -12 or TH1 = F4H.
88
EXAMPLE 10-8
Find the baud rate if TH1 = -2, SMOD = 1, and XTAL = 11.0592
MHz. Is this baud rate supported by IBM/compatible PCs?
Solution:
With XTAL = 11.0592 and SMOD = 1, we have timer 1 frequency
= 57,600 Hz. The baud rate is 57,600 / 2 = 28,800. This baud
rate is
not supported by the BIOS of the PC; however, the PC can be
programmed to do data transfer at such a speed. The software
of
many modems can do this. Also, Hyperterminal in Windows 95
(and higher) supports this and other baud rates.
89
YOU ARE ABLE TO (1/2)
Contract and compare serial versus parallel communication
List the advantages of serial communication over parallel
Explain serial communication protocol
Contrast synchronous versus asynchronous communication
Contrast half- versus full-duplex transmission
Explain the process of data framing
90
YOU ARE ABLE TO (2/2)
Describe data transfer rate and bps rate
Define the RS232 standard
Explain the use of the MAX232 and MAX232 chips
Interface the 8051 with an RS232 connector
Discuss the baud rate of the 8051
Describe serial communication features of the 8051
Program the 8051 for serial data communication
91
HOMEWORK
Chapter 10 Problems 3,8,15,36,38,39,47
92