THREE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR
Induction Motors
Three-phase induction motors are the most common
and frequently encountered machines in industry
Simple
design, rugged, low-price, easy
maintenance
Wide
range of power ratings: fractional
horsepower to 10 MW
Runs essentially at constant speed from no-load
to
full load
Construction
An induction motor has two main parts
A stationary stator
consisting of a steel frame that supports a
hollow, cylindrical core
Core is constructed from stacked laminations
having a number of evenly spaced slots,
providing the space for the stator winding.
Construction
Rotating rotor:
Composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a
series of rotor slots, providing space for the rotor
winding
Two types of rotor windings
Conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated
wire
(wound-rotor) similar to the winding on the stator
Aluminium bus bars shorted together at the ends by
two
aluminium rings, forming a squirrel-cage shaped circuit
(squirrel-cage)
Squirrel cage rotor
Wound rotor
slip
rings
Rotating Magnetic Field
Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120
degrees form each other, fed by
balanced three phase source
A rotating magnetic field with
constant magnitude is produced,
rotating with a speed
nsync
120 f e
rpm
Where fe is the supply frequency and
P is the no. of poles and nsync is called
the synchronous speed in rpm
(revolutions per minute)
Induction motor Stator
Rotating Magnetic Field
Principle of Induction Motor
Principle of operation
This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and
produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings
Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for
both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and induced current flows
in the rotor windings
The rotor current produces another magnetic field
A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those two
magnetic fields
ind kBR Bs
Where ind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the magnetic
flux densities of the rotor and the stator respectively
Induction motor speed
At what speed will the IM run?
Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the
same speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor
will appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and
the rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no
induced current will flow in the rotor and no rotor
magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is generated
and the rotor speed will fall below the synchronous
speed
When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will cut
the rotor windings and a torque is produced
Induction motor speed
So, the IM will always run at a speed lower
than the synchronous speed
The difference between the motor speed and
the synchronous speed is called the Slip
speed
nslip ns nr
Where nslip= slip speed
ns= speed of the magnetic field
nr = mechanical shaft speed of the motor
The Slip
ns nr
s
ns
Where s is the slip
Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the
above eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesnt
have units
Frequency
The frequency of the voltage induced in the
rotor is given by
Pn
fr
slip
120
Where fr = the rotor frequency (Hz)
P = number of stator poles
n = slip speed (rpm)
P (ns nr )
fr
120
P sns
sf
120
Induced EMF in Stator and Rotor
Winding
Induction Motors and Transformers
voltage applied to the stator windings produce an
induced voltage in the rotor windings in IM while in
transformer voltage applied to the primary windings
produce an induced voltage in the secondary
windings.
A three phase IM is equivalent to transformer with
air gap between iron portion of magnetic circuit
carrying primary and secondary.
Because of presence of air gap the magnetizing
current of IM is more as compared same kVA rating
transformer.
Induction Motors and Transformers
The no load current of IM is about 25% to 40% of full
load current while in transformer it is 1 to 2% of full
load current.
Efficiency of IM is of order of 85 to 90% while for
transformer it is 98 to 99%.
Due to the rotation of the rotor, the induced voltage in it
does not have the same frequency of the stator voltage
while frequency of primary and secondary is same in
transformer.
