Lecture-1

course no-312
(Microprocessor and Assembly
Language Programming)

Introduction
to
Microprocessor
Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 2

Microprocessor
A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable,
clock-driven, register-based electronic device
That reads binary instructions from a storage device
called memory
accepts binary data as input and processes data
according to instructions, and provides result as
output.

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 3

Microprocessor
A microprocessor consists of multiple internal
function units.
A basic design has an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a
control unit, a memory interface, an interrupt or
exception controller, and an internal cache.

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 4

Microprocessor
Microprocessor is the controlling unit or CPU of a
micro-computer, fabricated on a very small chip
capable of performing ALU operations and
communicating with the external devices connected
to it.
It acts as the brain of the computer system.

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 5

Microprocessor
Data
Cache
Memory
Bus

RAM

Bus
Interface
Unit

I/O
System
Bus

Control
Unit

Arithmetic
& Logic
Unit

Instruction
Decoder

Registers

Instruction
Cache
Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Floating
Point
Unit
Registers
Slide 6

Microcomputer
A digital computer, in which one microprocessor has
been provided to act as a CPU, is called Microcomputer.
contain one or more microprocessor to act as CPU
A microcomputer contains

CPU: processes information stored in the

memory
Microprocessor

Memory: stores both instructions and data

ROM, RAM

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 7

Microcomputer

Input/Output ports: provide a means of

communicating with the CPU
Connecting I/O devices, e.g., keyboard, monitor,
tape, disk, printer and etc.
BUS: interconnecting all parts together
Address bus
Data bus
Control bus

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 8

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 9

Evolution of
Microprocessors
BY GENERATION

1ST GENERATION
2ND GENERATION
3RD GENERATION
4TH GENERATION
5TH GENERATION

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 10

1ST GENERATION
(1971-1973)

Designed with PMOS technology

This technology provided
Low cost
Slow speed
Low output current
Was not compatible with TTL
Generally 4 bit processors
processed their instructions serially
they fetched the instruction, decoded it, then executed
it. When an instruction was completed, the
microprocessor updated the instruction pointer and
fetched the next instruction, performing this sequential
drill for each instruction in turn.
Example Intel 4004, Intel 4040, Intel 8008

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 11

2nd GENERATION
(1974-1978)
Designed with NMOS technology
This technology provided
Faster speed
High density than PMOS
TTL compatible
Generally 8 bit processors
Overlapped fetch, decode, and execute steps

the first instruction is processed in the execution

unit, the second instruction is decoded and the third
instruction is fetched.
Examples are
Motorola 6800/6809, Intel 8085/8080
Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 12

3rd

GENERATION
(1979-1980)

Designed with HMOS technology

Speed-power-product of HMOS is four times better than that of
NMOS
HMOS can accommodate twice the circuit density compared to NMOS
incorporated an on-chip cache for the first time
The depth of the pipeline increased to five or more stages.

Generally 16 bit processors

All major workstation manufacturers began developing their own

RISC-based microprocessor architectures.
Examples are
Motorola 68000/68010
Intel 8086/80186/80286

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 13

4th GENERATION
(1981-1995)

Designed with HCMOS technology

Commercial microprocessors to in-house design.
Designs surpassing a million transistors.
Generally 32 bit processors
Examples are
Motorolas MC 68020/68030
Intel 80386/80486/80586

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 14

5th GENERATION
(1995-Till)
emphasis is on introducing chips that carry on-chip
functionalities
improvements in the speed of memory and I/O devices along
with introduction of 64 bit microprocessors.
processors working with up to 3.5GHz speed.
Examples are
Pentium Pro, Pentium II core i7

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 15

Evolution of Microprocessors
Based on word size
4-Bit Microprocessors
8-Bit Microprocessors
16-Bit Microprocessors
32-Bit Microprocessors
64-Bit Microprocessors

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 16

4-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS
TMS 1000
INTEL 4004

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 17

INTEL 4004
Introduced in 1971.
It was the first microprocessor by Intel.
Its data bus is 4-bit and address bus is 10-bit.
It has 16 pins.
PMOS Technology.
Its clock speed was 740KHz.
It had 2,300 transistors.
It could execute around 60,000 instructions per second.
45 instructions
4KB main memory
First programmable device which was used in calculators, was
not designed as a general purpose computer.
CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 18

8-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

INTEL 8008
INTEL 8080
INTEL 8085
Motorolla 6800/6809

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 19

INTEL 8008

Introduced in 1972.
It was first 8-bit P.
It was 8-bit version of 4004
Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 14-bit.
It has 18 pins.
Its clock speed was 500 KHz.
Could execute 50,000 instructions per second
It had 3500 transistors
16KB main memory.
48 instructions
PMOS Technology
slow

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 20

INTEL 8080

Introduced in 1974.
It was also 8-bit P .
Its clock speed was 2 MHz.
It had 6,000 transistors.
Was 10 times faster than 8008.
Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit.
It has 40 pins.
Could execute 5,00,000 instructions per second.
64 KB main memory.
NMOS Technology
Drawback was that it needed three power supplies.
Small computers (microcomputers) were designed in using
8080 as CPU.

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 21

INTEL 8085

Introduced in 1976.
It was also 8-bit P upgraded version of 8080
Its clock speed was 3-6 MHz.
Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit.
It has 40 pins.
It had 6,500 transistors.
Could execute 7,69,230 instructions per second.
It could access 64 KB of memory.
It had 246 instructions.
64 KB main memory.
Use only one +5V power supply.

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 22

16-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

INTEL 8086
INTEL 8088
INTEL 80186
INTEL 80286
Motorola 68000/68010

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 23

INTEL 8086
Introduced in 1978.
It was first 16-bit P .
Its clock speed is 5-10 MHz
Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 20-bit.
It has 40 pins.
It had 29K transistors.
Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second.
1 MB main memory.
It had 22,000 instructions.
It had Multiply and Divide instructions.

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 24

INTEL 8088
Introduced in 1979.
It was also 16-bit P .
Its clock speed is 5-10 MHz
It had 29K transistors.
Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 20-bit.
It has 40 pins.
Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second.
1 MB main memory.

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 25

INTEL 80186
Introduced in 1982.
They were 16-bit Ps.
Clock speed was 5-16 MHz.
Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 20-bit.
It has 68 pins.
It had 29K transistors.
1 MB main memory.
Never used in the PC.
They had additional components like:

Interrupt Controller

Clock Generator

Local Bus Controller

Counters
Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 26

INTEL 80286

Introduced in 1982.
It was 16-bit P .
Its clock speed was 6-12.5 MHz.
Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 24-bit.
16 MB real and 4GB virtual memory.
It has 68 pins.
It had 134K transistors.
It could execute 4 million instructions per second.

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 27

32-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

INTEL 80386
INTEL 80486
INTEL PENTIUM
INTEL PENTIUM PRO
INTEL PENTIUM II
INTEL PENTIUM III
INTEL PENTIUM IV
Motorolas MC 68020/68030

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 28

INTEL 80386

Introduced in 1986.
It was first 32-bit P .
Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 24/32-bit.
4 GB main memory .
4 GB real and 64 TB virtual memory.
It has 132 pins.
It had 275K transistors.
Its clock speed is 20-33 MHz
Different versions are

80386 DX

80386 SX

80386 SL
CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 29

INTEL 80486
Introduced in 1989.
It was also 32-bit P .
It had 3200K transistors.
Its clock speed is 25-100 MHz
Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit.
4 GB real and 64 TB virtual memory.
It has 168 pins.
Integrated numeric coprocessor
8 KB of cache memory was introduced
It had five different versions:
80486 DX
80486 SX
80486 DX2
80486 SL
Case
Study:
80486
IntelDX4
Processors
CMOS VLSI Design
.

Slide 30

INTEL PENTIUM

Introduced in 1993.
It was also 32-bit P .
It was originally named 80586.
Its clock speed was 60-200 MHz.
Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit.
It had 3200K transistors.
It has 4 GB real memory.
It has 264 pins.
Could execute 110 million instructions per second.
16KB L1 Cache memory:
8 KB for instructions and 8 KB for data.

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 31

INTEL PENTIUM PRO

Introduced in 1995.
It was also 32-bit P .
It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
It had 5500K transistors.
Its clock speed was 150-200 MHz.
It has 387 pins.
Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 36-bit.
It has 64 GB main memory.
16KB L1 Cache memory(8 KB for instructions.
8 KB for data) and L2 cache of 256 KB.
Intel launched this processor for the server market.

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 32

INTEL PENTIUM II

Introduced in 1997.
It was also 32-bit P.
Its clock speed was 233 MHz to 500 MHz.
It had 7500K transistors.
It has 387 pins.
Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 36-bit.
64 GB main memory.
Could execute 333 million instructions per second.
512KB L2 cache & processor were on one circuit.
Designed specially to process video, audio and graphics
efficiently.

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 33

INTEL PENTIUM III

Introduced in 1999.
It was also 32-bit P .
Its clock speed varied from 600 MHz to 1.4 GHz.
Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 36-bit.
64 GB main memory.
It had 9500K transistors.
It has 387 pins.
Dual independent Bus(simultaneous L2 and system memory
access)
Designed significantly enhance internet experiences.

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 34

INTEL PENTIUM IV

Introduced in 2000.
It was also 32-bit P.
Its clock speed was from 1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz.
Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 36-bit.
64 GB main memory.
1MB/512KB/256KB L2 cache.
It had 42 million transistors.
It has 387 pins.
Specialized for streaming video, game and DVD applications.

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 35

64-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

INTEL DUAL CORE

INTEL CORE 2
INTEL CORE I7
INTEL CORE I5
INTEL CORE I3

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 36

INTEL DUAL CORE

Introduced in 2006.
It is 64-bit P .
It had 1,72 billion transistors.
Its clock speed was 2.93GHz
Its data bus is 64-bit and address bus is 40-bit.
It has two cores.
Both the cores have there own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the external bus and L2 cache

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 37

INTEL CORE 2

Introduced in 2006.
It is a 64-bit P.
Its clock speed is 3.16 GHz.
It has 775 pins.
It has 410 million transistors.
Its data bus is 64-bit and address bus is 40-bit.
It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core and 4 MB of L2 cache.
It has single, double or quad cores.
It is launched in three different versions:

Intel Core 2 Duo

Intel Core 2 Quad

Intel Core 2 Extreme

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 38

INTEL CORE I7

Introduced in 2008.
It is a 64-bit P.
It has 4 physical cores.
Its clock speed is from 2.66 GHz to 3.33 GHz.
It has 781 million transistors.
It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 256 KB of L2
cache and 8 MB of L3 cache.

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 39

INTEL CORE I5

Introduced in 2009.
It is a 64-bit P.
It has double or quad cores.
Its clock speed is from 2.40 GHz to 3.60 GHz.
It has 781 million transistors.
It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 256 KB of L2
cache and 8 MB of L3 cache.

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 40

INTEL CORE I3

Introduced in 2010.
It is a 64-bit P.
It has 2 physical cores.
Its clock speed is from 2.93 GHz to 3.33 GHz.
It has 781 million transistors.
It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 512 KB of L2
cache and 4 MB of L3 cache.

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 41

summury

Case Study: Intel Processors

CMOS VLSI Design

Slide 42