OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOT
Submitted by:
ABSTRACT
The main scope of project is to automatically changing
the direction of robotic vehicle as required whenever
any obstacle comes on its way.
Here an ultrasonic sensor is used which
detects the presence of any obstacle and
sends the signal to microcontroller which
changes the direction of the robot.
contents
Block diagram
Microcontroller 8052
ULTRASONIC
Motor Driver IC
Software requirements
Schematic & Working of the project
Advantages
Applications
Future scope
Conclusion
Block diagram
POWER SUPPLY
Bridge rectifier
230 V
AC
50
Hz
5v Regulator
5V
DC
12V step down
transformer
Filter(470f)
Features of MC 8052
8K Bytes of In-System
Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33
MHz
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Block diagram of MC
External
interrupts
Onchip
ROM
for
progra
m
code
Inter
rupt
Cont
rol
Onchip
RA
M
Timer/Coun
ter
Timer
1
Timer
0
CPU
OSC
Bus
Cont
rol
4 I/O
Ports
P0 P1 P2
P3
Address/Da
Se
ri
al
P
or
t
TxD
RxD
Cou
nter
Inpu
ts
Pin out of 8052
Power on Reset circuit
+5V
+
10 uF
31
30 pF
8.2 K
30 pF
11.0592 MHz
19
18
EA/VPP
X1
X2
9 RST
ULTRASONIC TRANSMITTER AND RECIVER
Ultrasonic
sensors
(also
known
as
transceivers) work on a principle similar to
radar or sonar which evaluate attributes of
a target by interpreting the echoes from
radio or sound waves respectively.
Ultrasonic
sensors
generate
high
frequency sound waves and evaluate the
echo which is received back by the sensor.
Ultrasonic generators use piezoelectric materials such as zinc or lead
zirconium tartrates or quartz crystal.
The material thickness decides the resonant frequency when mounted and
excited by electrodes attached on either side of it.
The medical scanners used for abdomen or heart ultrasound are designed at
2.5 MHz. In this circuit, a 40 kHz transducer is used for object detection in
the air medium.
FEATURES
Use for motion or distance sensing
Frequency: 40kHz 1.0kHz
Aluminum case
Capacitance: 2000Pf 20%
Transmitter: bandwidth 5.0kHz/100Db, sound pressure level
112Db/40 1.0kHz
MOTOR driver L293D
L293D is a dual H-bridge
motor driver integrated
circuit (IC).
Motor drivers act as current
amplifiers since they take a
low-current control signal
and provide a higher-current
signal.
This higher current signal is
used to drive the motors.
L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits.
In its common mode of operation, two DC motors
can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and
reverse direction.
Operation of motor driver
L293D has 2 set of
arrangements where one set
has input 1, input 2, output 1
and output 2 and other set has
input 3, input 4, output 3 and
output 4, according to block
diagram if pin no 2 & 7 are high
then pin no 3 & 6 are also high.
If enable 1 and pin number 2
are high leaving pin number 7
as low then the motor rotates in
forward direction.
If enable 2 and pin number 10
are high leaving pin number 15
as low then the motor rotates in
forward direction.
Contd..
If enable 1 and pin number 2 are low
leaving pin number 7 as high then the
motor rotates in reverse direction.
If enable 2 and pin number 15 are high
leaving pin number 10 as low then the
motor rotates in forward direction.
Software requirements
Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro
assemblers,
real-time
kernels,
debuggers,
simulators, integrated environments, evaluation
boards, and emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3,
XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU families.
Compilers are programs used to convert a High
Level Language to object code. Desktop compilers
produce an output object code for the underlying
microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors.
Contd..
i.e., the programs written in one of the HLL like Cwill
compile the code to run on the system for a particular
processor
like
x86
(underlying
microprocessor
in
the
computer).
For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the
Compilers for Unix platformSo if one wants to define a
compiler then compiler is a program that translates source
code into object code.
