Oleh: Dewi Ekawati Indah Dwiphayanti Laelatul Fitriani Juwita Chandra Dewi

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15/12/2010
Oleh:
Dewi Ekawati
Indah Dwiphayanti
Laelatul Fitriani
Juwita Chandra Dewi
We often associate the concept of temperature with

how hot or cold an object feels when we touch it.
Thus, our senses provide us with a qualitative
indication of temperature. However, our senses are
unreliable and often mislead us. For example, if we
remove a metal ice tray and a cardboard box of
frozen vegetables from the freezer, the ice tray
feels colder than the box even though both are at
the same temperature. The two objects feel
different because metal transfers energy by heat at
a higher rate than cardboard does. What we need
is a reliable and reproducible method for measuring
the relative hotness or coldness of objects rather
than the rate of energy transfer. Scientists have
developed a variety of thermometers for making
such quantitative measurements.
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We are all familiar with the fact that two

objects at different initial temperatures
eventually reach some intermediate
temperature when placed in contact with
each other. For example, when hot water
and cold water are mixed in a bathtub,
the final temperature of the mixture is
somewhere between the initial hot and
cold temperatures. Likewise, when an ice
cube is dropped into a cup of hot coffee,
it melts and the coffees temperature
decreases.
To understand the concept of temperature we need to

define two terms of thermal contact and thermal
equilibrium.
thermal contact imaginable is an object placed in an
insulated box where the items are mutually influencing
each other, but not with its environment. temperature
when the two different objects, there will be exchange
of energy, then this mechanism is the heat and
electromagnetic. then the object is called having
thermal contacts.
Thermal equilibrium is a situation in which two objects

would not exchange energy by heat or electromagnetic
radiation if they were placed in thermal contact.
As for the zero-thermodynamic law to that is: If
object A and B separately are in thermal equilibrium
with object C, then object A and B in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
Quick quiz
two objects of different size, mass and

temperature, placed in thermal contact.
Energy will move (a). of large objects to
small objects (b) from a large mass to
small mass (c) of the object the higher
temperature to lower temperature object.
(c). The direction of the transfer of energy

depends only on temperature and not on
the size of the object or on which object
has more mass.
Thermometers are devices that are used

to measure the temperature of a system.
the volume of a liquid

the dimensions of a solid
The pressure of a gas at constant volume
the volume of a gas at constant pressure
the electric resistance of a conductor
the color of an object.
The thermometer can be calibrated by placing it in

thermal contact with some natural systems that remain
at constant temperature.
One such system is a mixture of water and ice in
thermal equilibrium at atmospheric pressure.
On the Celsius temperature scale, this mixture is
defined to have a temperature of zero degrees Celsius,
which is written as 0C, this temperature is called the
ice point of water.
Another commonly used system is a mixture of water
and steam in thermal equilibrium at atmospheric
pressure. Its temperature is 100C, which is the pheric
steam point of water
An additional practical problem of any

thermometer is the limited range of temtemperatures over which it can be used. A
mercury thermometer, for example, cannot be
used below the freezing point of mercury, which is
-39C, and an alcohol thermometer is not useful
for measuring temperatures above 85C, the
boiling point of alcohol. To surmount this problem,
we need a universal thermometer whose readings
are independent of the substance used in it.
The Constant- Volume Gas Thermometer and

the Absolute Temperature Scale
A common temperature scale in everyday use in the

United States is they Fahrenheit scale. This scale sets
the temperature of the ice point at 32F and the
temperature of the steam point at 212F. The
relationship between the Celsius and Fahrenheit
temperature scales is
We can use Equations 19.1 and 19.2 to find a relationship
between changes in temperature on the Celsius,
Kelvin, and Fahrenheit scales:
T c = T = Tf
(c). The phrase twice as hot refers to a ratio of

temperatures. When the given temperatures are
converted to kelvins, only those in part (c) are in the
correct ratio.
Thermal expansion is a consequence of the

change in the average separation between
the atoms in an object. If thermal expansion
is sufficiently small relative to an objects
initial dimensions, the change in any
dimension is, to a good approximation,
proportional to the first power of the
temperature change. Suppose that an object
has an initial length Li along some direction
at some temperature and that the length
increases by an amount "L for a change in
temperature "T. Because it is convenient to
consider the fractional change in length per
degree of temperature change, we define the
average coefficient of linear expansion as
The table of average coefficient of linear expansion for various materials.
19.3 (c). Gasoline has the largest

average coefficient of volume
expansion.
19.4 (c). A cavity in a material
expands in the same way as if it
were filled with material.
Liquids generally increase in volume with increasing

temperature and have average coefficients of volume
expansion about ten times greater than those of solids. Cold
water is an exception to this rule, as we can see from its
density-versus-temperature curve, shown in Figure 19.11. As
the temperature increases from 0C to 4C, water contracts
and thus its density increases. Above 4C, water expands
with increasing temperature, and so its density decreases.
Thus, the density of water reaches a maximum value of
1.000 g/cm3 at 4C.
It is convenient to express the amount of gas in a given

volume in terms of the number of moles n. One mole of
any substance is that amount of the substance that contains
Avogadros number NA= 6,022x 1023 of constituent
particles (atoms or molecules). The number of moles n of
a substance is related to its mass m through the expression.
where M is the molar mass of the substance. The molar

mass of each chemical element is the atomic mass (from
the periodic table, Appendix C) expressed in g/mol.
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IDEAL GAS LAW (in number of moles)

After shuffling, we finally arrive at the end of the show
cracking formula. Can we write into the equation, by
including the number of moles (n) and the universal gas
constant (R)
PV = nRT
This equation is known by the nickname or ideal gas law
ideal gas equation of state.
Description:
P = gas pressure (N/m 2)

V = gas volume (m 3)
n = number of moles (mol)
R = universal gas constant (R = 8.314 J / mol.K)
T = absolute gas temperature (K)
If translated into Indonesian, STP means Standard
Temperature and Pressure. Temp = temperature.
Standard temperature (T) = 0 C = 273 K
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Ideal gas law states that if the volume

and temperature of gas does not change,
then the pressure would be constant.
Consider a bottle of champagne that is
shaken and then spews liquid when
opened, as shown in Figure 19.13.
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The correct explanation is as follows.

Carbon dioxide gas resides in the volume
between the liquid surface and the cork.
Shaking the bottle displaces some of this
carbon dioxide gas into the liquid, where it
forms bubbles, and these bubbles become
attached to the inside of the bottle. (No new
gas is generated by shaking.) When the
bottle is opened, the pressure is reduced;
this causes the volume of the bubbles to
increase suddenly. If the bubbles are
attached to the bottle (beneath the liquid
surface), their rapid expansion expels liquid
from the bottle. If the sides and bottom of
the bottle are first tapped until no bubbles
remain beneath the surface, then when the
champagne is opened, the drop in pressure
will not force liquid from the bottle.
The ideal gas law is often expressed in terms of

the total number of molecules N. Because the
total number of molecules equals the product of
the number of moles n and Avogadros number
NA, we can write Equation 19.8 as
where k
is a constant, which has the value
It is common to call quantities such as P, V,

and T the thermodynamic variables of an
ideal gas.
Quick Quiz
Rubber ball filled with helium gas was left
in a car on a cold night. If the size
compared to the size of the balloon when
in a warm car on the night before, then
the next morning (a) the balloon will
becomes larger (b) balloon will be small
(c) The balloon does not change
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(b). Because of the decreased

temperature of the helium, the pressure
in the balloon is reduced. The
atmospheric pressure around the balloon
then compresses it to a smaller size until
the pressure in the balloon reaches the
atmospheric pressure.

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1.

We often associate the concept of temperature with

We are all familiar with the fact that two

To understand the concept of temperature we need to

Thermal equilibrium is a situation in which two objects

two objects of different size, mass and

(c). The direction of the transfer of energy

Thermometers are devices that are used

the volume of a liquid

The thermometer can be calibrated by placing it in

An additional practical problem of any

The Constant- Volume Gas Thermometer and

A common temperature scale in everyday use in the

(c). The phrase twice as hot refers to a ratio of

Thermal expansion is a consequence of the

The table of average coefficient of linear expansion for various materials.

19.3 (c). Gasoline has the largest

Liquids generally increase in volume with increasing

It is convenient to express the amount of gas in a given

where M is the molar mass of the substance. The molar

IDEAL GAS LAW (in number of moles)

P = gas pressure (N/m 2)

Ideal gas law states that if the volume

The correct explanation is as follows.

The ideal gas law is often expressed in terms of

is a constant, which has the value

It is common to call quantities such as P, V,

(b). Because of the decreased

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