Water (H2O)
Water (H2O)
Water (H2O)
Objective
The importance of the water cycle.
Method of water purification.
Important of dissolved oxygen in
water to aquatic life
Water pollution
Impact of water pollutants on the
aquatic environment.
Structure of water
Water is made up of 2 hydrogen atoms and
1 oxygen which is held by single covalent
bonds (dipole)
Water has a neutral charge but differs
because oxygen has a slight +ve and
hydrogen ve. The unequal distribution of
change in the molecule is dipole.
Water molecules are attracted by hydrogen
bonding
Hydrogen bonding is due to polarity of the
Properties of water
Surface Tension, Heat of Vaporization, and Vapor Pressure
Solid State
Liquid State
Gas State
Ion change
Softening is used primarily as a pretreatment method to reduce water
hardnessprior toreverse osmosis (RO)processing. The softeners contain
beads that exchange two sodium ions for every calcium or magnesium
ion removed from the "softened" water.
Deionization (DI) beads exchange either hydrogen ions for cations or
hydroxyl ions for anions. The cation exchange resins, made of styrene
and divinylbenzene containing sulfonic acid groups, will exchange a
hydrogen ion for any cations they encounter (e.g., Na+, Ca++, Al+++).
Similarly, the anion exchange resins, made of styrene and containing
quaternary ammonium groups, will exchange a hydroxyl ion for any
anions (e.g., Cl-). The hydrogen ion from the cation exchanger unites
with the hydroxyl ion of the anion exchanger to form pure water.
are
Filtration
Screening large object such as fish, logs and leaves screen as
it is drawn into plant.
Sedimentation-the chemical Al2SO4 is add to the raw water in a
large tank this chemical clings to impurities in the water(co
adulation ) forming large heavier particle flux in a process called
flocculation these large particle then sink to the bottom of the
tank and collect to form sludge which is then removed.CaCO3
and other chemical add to improve the quality of the water
Filtration Small particles are removed from the water my
passing it through sand and gravel and this should have
removed impurity like microorganisms.
Chlorination-is the process by which filtered water is disinfected
to kill disease causing bacteria after this process water is
portable
4
UV radiation
Desalination