Grade X

Semester 2

Questions :
Give

five characteristics of animal !

Animals are classified into to mains
groups. What are they?
Mention phylum of animal that
include Avertebrate !
What is meant radial symmetry ?
What is meant bilateral symmetry ?
What are the three layers of
developmental tissue ?

Characteristics of Animals

Heterotroph
Move/ motile
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Digest their food
Doesnt have cell
walls

Animal Classification
Avertebrate
Vertebrate

AVERTEBRATE
Phylum Porifera ( Sponges )
Phylum Coelenterata ( Cnidaria )
Phylum Platyhelminthes ( The Flatworms)
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Annelida
Phylum Mollusca
Phylum Echinodermata
Phylum Arthropoda

Body Symmetry

Radial symmetry

Bilateral symmetry

Identify the symmetry of different organisms !

Asymmetry

Areas on bilaterally symmetrical

organisms
Anterior
Posterior
Dorsal
Ventral

Identify the areas of anatomy on a bilaterally symmetrical organism!

Embryo layers of development

What are the three layers of developmental tissue?

Body Cavities
Acoeloem
Pseudocoeloem
Coeloem
What are the three types of body
cavities and what does that mean?

Phylum Porifera

What phylum are sponges?

Characteristics of Porifera :

Aquatic filter feeders

Diploblastic ( consist two layers )
Lives in aquatic environments,mostly marine
Most are asymmetrical
Adult form is sessile (doesnt move)
Have no tissues, organs, or organ systems or
nervous system
Body multicelluler, there is no true body
cavity
Often have a skeleton of spicules
Reproduction : asexual (budding), sexual
(fertilization)

Basic Body Plan

CLASSIFICATION OF PORIFERA

1. Calcarea

2. Hexatinellida

3.Demospongiae

Spicula : lime (CaCO3) Spicula :kersik(H2SiO3)

Spikula :spons

Body shape : Sycon

Body shape : Rhagon

Body shape :Ascon

Habitat : shallow beach Habitat : sea

Habitat : fresh-water

Example :Scypha sp Example : Pheronema

sp

Example : Spongilla and

Euspongia sp)

Phylum
Cnidaria

Characteristics of Cnidaria
Radial symmetry, Eukaryotic, multicelluler
All have stinging cells ( nematokist )
Diploblastic /have two cell layers
Endoderm
Ectoderm

Have a body cavity/ gastrovascular

Have tentacles surround mouth
Aquatic

Two body plans

Polyp is the sessile stage
(doesnt move)
Medusa
Many cnidarians have both
stages

Reproduction
Asexual Polyps reproduce
asexually by budding
Medusa can produce sexually
and asexually
Sexually

Egg and sperm

Larvae stage
Polyp stage
Medusa

This group includes hydra, jellyfish, obelia, man of war, and coral

Reproduction
Asexual
Budding, fragmentation and
regeneration

Sexual
Hermaphrodites
Have both male and
female parts

Fertilization takes place in

water
Larvae swims to area to
start new sponge

Hydra Budding

CLASSIFICATION OF CNIDARIA

Hydrozoa

Scyphozoa

Anthozoa

1. HYDROZOA

Bentuk soliter (polip) dan

koloni (polip dan medusa)
Habitat: air tawar dan air laut
a. Hydra (air tawar)
b. Obelia (air laut)
Reproduksi :
a. vegetatif : dengan tunas
b. generatif : pembuahan/fertilisasi.

Obelia

Physalia

2. SCYPHOZOA
The body shape like cup (skypho), transparan.
Habitat : sea
Adult have the shape of medusa and larva have the
shape of polip.
Example : Aurelia sp. (ubur-ubur kuping) that have
life cycle :
Planula Skifistoma Efira.
Polip reproduction by strobilasi ( budding) and
medusa with sexual reproduction.

Life cycle of Aurelia sp (Ubur-ubur)

3. ANTHOZOA

Have the shape of flower (anthos) and polip

Have no medusa form

Have no stalk and dan eksternal skeleton
(karang) that have colony form coral reef ( terumbu karang.)
many tentakel form surround mouth.

Phylum Platyhelminthes
( flat worm)
Ciri ciri :

Triploblastik.
Acoelomata (have no body cavity)
Bilateral symmetry and have no segment.
Belum memiliki sistem peredaran darah
Rongga pencernaan berupa ruang gastrovaskuler
(tidak mempunyai anus)
Umumnya hidup parasit, kecuali Planaria
Pernafasan dengan permukaan tubuh.
Alat ekskresi berupa sel api (flame cell)
Kemampuan regenerasi sangat tinggi
Hermaprodit.
Sistem saraf tangga tali.

Platyhelminthes

Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flat worms)

Planaria

Taenia sp

Fasciola hepatica

Platyhelminthes consist of 3 class:

No Characteristic
1. The body

Class
Turbellaria
0,5 2,5 cm

Class
Trematoda
2 -5 cm/

Clas
Cestoda
Untill 3 m

length

2. The body

____

____

Have segmen
(proglotid)

Have cilia
____

_____
2

_____
4

Segmentation

3. Cilia &
Suck organ

4. The way of life

Non parasit

5. Example

Planaria

Parasit

Parasit

Proglotid
berembrio

1. KELAS TURBELLARIA

Planaria
Free living
Hermaphrodites
Can reproduce
asexually by dividing
and regeneration

2. Class Cestoda
(Tape Worms)
Parasitic
Hermaphrodites

3. Class Trematoda
Characteristics :
bilateral symmetry
soft flattened body
3 tissue layers
Incomplete digestive
system
definite organs
nervous tissue
many are parasites but
some are free living

Phylum Nematoda

Round worms
Phylum nematoda
Characteristic
Complete digestive
system
3 tissue layers
organs present

Types of Roundworms
Ascaris round and pin worms
common human parasites

Trichinella
Hook worms
Heart worms
Filarial worms
Many in Large intestine
64% of worlds population
30% of children in US
16% of the adults in the US

Segmented worms phylum

Annelida
Characteristics

Have body cavities with organs

Bilateral symmetry
Closed circulatory system
Complete digestive system
True coelom
Respire through the skin
Each segment has bristle like structure called setae for
movement

Most are hermaphrodites

General structure of the earth worm

Systems

Digestive
Mouth, crop, gizzard, intestines,
anus
Circulatory system of two main
vessels, 5 aortic arches that pump
blood
Nervous system that responds to
the environment
Respiratory system that
exchanges oxygen and carbon
dioxide through the skin
Reproductive system
(hermaphrodite)

Leeches
Dont have setae
Feed blood from other organisms

Saliva contains anti clotting chemical

Marine worms - polychaetes

Mollusks, Arthropods &

Echinoderms

Phylum Molusca
comes from the Latin word soft bodied

Characteristics of Mollusks

Soft Bodied
Bilateral symmetry
True coelom
Nervous system
Mantle - thin layer of tissue that
secretes a shell
Gills - water to organism CO 2, O2
exchangers
Visceral mass contains body organs
Muscular foot - means of movement
Open Circulatory system
Classified by movement (Kind of foot)
or shell

Classes of mollusks

1. Gastropods
Gastro means stomach and pod
means foot
Includes snails, slugs, abalones,
whelks, conches, sea slugs
All have single shells and or move
on stomach by mucus
All have a radula for scraping
algae and other food

2. Bivalves/ Pelecypoda
Means two shells
Includes clams, oysters,

scallops and
Mussels
Filter feeders
Two part shell
Move by opening and
closing shell

3. Means
Cephalopods
head foot
Well developed head
Foot divided into tentacles with

suckers, well developed nervous

system
Large eyes
Closed circulatory system
Move by jet propulsion by forcing
water out their siphon tube

Mollusks value
Provide food for
humans and other
organisms
Provide pearls
Harmful - can
damage crops and
host human
parasites

Phylum Arthropods
Phylum arthropoda
Name means jointed

foot
Largest phylum

Arthropods Characteristics

Have segmented bodies

True coelom
Open circulatory system
Have appendages
Have body cavity and an open circulatory system
Complete digestive system
Nervous system with brain
Exoskeletons made from chitin
Organism molts exoskeleton when it grows

1. Class insecta

Insect Body Plan

Head

Antennae
Eyes
Mouth
Thorax
Three pairs of jointed legs
1 or 2 pair of wings
Abdomen
Segmented with spiracles for
breathing
Reproductive structures
Reproduction - separate
sexes and female lays eggs

Insect Metamorphosis
Changes that a species goes

through becoming an adult

Complete
Egg
Larvae
Pupa
Adult
Incomplete
Egg
Nymph
Adult

3. Myriapoda ( centipede and

millipedes
Centipedes are
predacious
Millipedes are
herbivorous
Centipedes have 1
pair of legs /segment
Millipedes have 2
pair of legs /segment

millipedes

4. Class Crustaceans

Characteristics of Crustacea

Jaws called mandibles crush food

1 and 2 antennae
Have 1,2 or 3 body segments
5 pairs of legs
The first pair of many have claws to catch
and hold food
2cnd pair 5th used for moving

Some have five pair of appendages on

abdomen called swimmerets
For movement, reproduction and water
over gills

Can regenerate appendages

Examples include lobster, crab
crayfish, shrimp, and pill bugs

Phylum Echinodermata
Spiny skinned animals
Characteristics
Marine bottom dwellers
Internal skeleton of Calcium
Carbonate plates covered by a spiny
skin
Have a water vascular system
Tube feet
Ring canal
Do not have a complete digestive
system

Echinoderm classification
Sea stars 5 or more

arms around a central

point
Brittle stars - move
more quickly and break
off parts as defense
Sea Urchins and sand
dollars
Sea cucumbers

VERTEBRATA
By
Dra. Hj. Budi Sayekti
NIP 131571541

Hemichordates
Characteristics
Dorsal Nerve cord different than chordate
Gill slits or pouches sometime in life
Notochord

Chordates
Phylum Chordata
Three subphyla
Vertebrates
Tunicates
Lancelets

Three characteristics of chordates

Notochord (develops into
a backbone in
vertebrates)
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
(develops into a spinal
cord in vertebrates)
Gill slits

Vertebrates
Two main groups
Ectotherms Get
heat from outside
Endotherms Have a
constant internal
body temperature

Fish
Charactertistics

Ectotherms
gills,
fins,
external fertilization,
2 Chambered heart,
scales

C. Three classes of fish

Agnatha Jawless fish,
examples are lamprey
and hagfish
Chondrichthyes
Cartilage fish, examples
are shark, rays and
skates
Osteichthyes bony fish
(largest class of fish)

Three groups of bony fish

Lobe finned fish
Lung fish (have both
gills and lungs)
Ray finned fish

Amphibians
(Means double life)
Characteristics

Moist skin without scales

Exchange gases through skin or simple sac-like lungs
Skeleton made of bone
Three chambered heart
Lay eggs in water
Go through metamorphisis
Ectotherms

Hibernate
Estivate Slow their system during a dry hot
period

Amphibians
Includes, Frogs,
toads, salamanders,
and newts
External fertilization
Amphibians on the
decline p. 414

larvae Tiger Salamander

Reptiles
Characteristics

Ectotherms
Scales
Breath through lungs
Three chambered
heart
Internal fertilization
Lay eggs on land that
have a leathery shell

Amniotic egg

Membranes form
cushion and protection
Large food supply (yolk)
Pores that allow gas
exchange
Hatch fully developed

Reptiles
Characteristics

Ectotherms
Scales
Breath through lungs
Three chambered
heart
Internal fertilization
Lay eggs on land that
have a leathery shell

Amniotic egg

Membranes form
cushion and protection
Large food supply (yolk)
Pores that allow gas
exchange
Hatch fully developed

Reptiles

Group includes: Lizards, snakes, turtles,

crocodiles, alligators, and dinosaurs
Three orders of reptiles exist today
Turtles: Hard shelled
Crocodiles and alligators (Crocodilia)
Lizards and Snakes Largest group of reptiles
Lizards
Movable eyelids
External ears,
Usually legs with toes claws and feet
Snakes
No legs
No eyelids
No external ears
Jaw bone that can detach

Rat Snake

Birds & Mammals

Birds 9,000 species

A. Characteristics
1.
endotherm
2.
Feathers and scales
3.
Lay eggs
4.
Incubate eggs
5. All have wings
6.
Back legs with toes and claws

Bird eggs an nests

1.
2.

like reptiles except there is a hard shell

Lay eggs in a nest and incubate eggs
a.
Called clutch
b.
Incubation period varies

Flight
1.
2.
3.
4.

Hollow bones
Keen eyesight
high energy
breast bone for muscle
attachment
5. no bladder
6. wings that provide thrust and lift

Feathers
Contour are used for
warmth
Birds preen feathers to oil
and repair

Feathers are used for

flight
Down feathers
separations

Mammals

Characteristics
1. Endotherms
2. fur feed young milk from mammary gland
3. provide care for young
4. Teeth
5. complex body systems
6. reproduce sexually
7. give birth to their young

Rodentia

Classification of Mammals

monotremes
a. lay eggs
b. nurse by licking
c. example: duck billed platypus and spiny
anteater

Marsupials ( the pouched

mammals)
a. Give birth to tiny undeveloped offspring
b. Crawl to and develop in pouch
c. Examples: kangaroo, koala, wallaby and
opossums

Placental
a. Embryo develops in the uterus
1) Developmental period is called gestation
2) Embryo is attached to mother by placenta
and umbilical cord
3) Great diversity among placentals